Soft-chew tablet pharmaceutical formulations

ABSTRACT

A product and process of manufacturing an edible soft-chewable dosage form for the delivery of pharmaceutically active ingredients or nutritional agents orally to an animal or human subject, by forming a granulated soft-chew mass by appropriate mixing and sifting steps, and forming tablets with a compression press. Such soft-chew dosage forms have hardness of less than about two kilopond (2 kp) and friability of less than about one percent (1%) at three-hundred (300) rotations when measured according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) test. The process for manufacturing such compressed soft-chew tablets employs compression (tablet) pressing equipment to produce soft-chew tablets of consistent weight and texture.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/629,354 filed Jun. 21, 2017, entitled SOFT CHEWPHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS, which is a continuation-in-part ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/067443 filed Dec. 19,2016, entitled SOFT-CHEW TABLET PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/269,951, filed Dec. 19, 2015, entitled SOFT CHEW TABLETS, each ofwhich is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The present invention relates to products and processes for themanufacture of soft-chewable tablet pharmaceutical or nutritional dosageforms, for the oral administration of active pharmaceutical ingredientsor nutritional agents.

2. Discussion of Prior Art

Chewable pharmaceutical dosage units, such as chewable tablets andsoft-chewable tablets, are known and have been commercialized for usewith pediatric, geriatric, and involuntary patient populations. Suchdosage forms have also been used for subjects that, by instinct, willnot accept the medication meant to be swallowed (e.g., animals).Chewable tablets are also useful with competent patients as analternative to tablets or capsules that must be swallowed whole. Theformulation of a drug into a chewable dosage form can increase patientacceptance of a medication in patients that resist or are unable toswallow conventional tablets or capsules.

Conventional dosage forms, such as chewable compressed tablets, usingconventional ingredients, can make the tablet gritty or otherwiseunappealing to many patients.

Traditionally, tablets compressed on a compression machine areformulated and processed so the tablets have hardness of more than tenkiloponds (10 kp). Tablets having lower hardness levels are discouragedin the prior art to keep the tablet friability acceptable.

A process for manufacturing soft-chewable dosage form for drug deliveryis described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,381. It discloses a soft-chewablemedication vehicle for drug delivery of an active ingredient to animalor human subjects, not containing ingredients of animal origin, withoutuse of heat and without addition of water. The formed mixture was formedinto individual chunks using a Formax F6™ molding machine with dies forproduction of chunk-like shapes, and packaged for storage.

Machines for the production of molded food patties have been describedto be useful for the manufacturing of soft-chews for administration tonon-human animals. Such machines are molding machines that have beenoriginally developed for use in producing molded food products, forexample the Formax F6™ molding machine made by the Formax Corporation.

The use of extruders, forming machines and rotary molding machinesexhibit problems associated with the weight and physical forms of afinal dosage form. Moreover, the use of such technologies may requireconditioning of the final dosage form (e.g. drying or curing finalformed structure) for consolidation of shape and structure of formeddosage form. Further, the use of such technologies, equipment andprocesses is complex, cumbersome, and not traditionally employed bytypical pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities producing solid oraldosage forms.

Thus, there is a need for processes of manufacturing soft-chew tabletformulations on a large scale using commonly installed pharmaceuticalmanufacturing equipment such as a rotary (tablet) compression press.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following brief summary is provided to indicate the nature of thesubject matter disclosed herein. While certain aspects of the presentinvention are described below, the summary is not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

The present invention overcomes the disadvantages and shortcomings ofknown chewable dosage forms by providing a simplified manufacturingprocess for soft-chewable dosage unit formulation comprising a highlypalatable composition to patients, which is formed by conventionalcompression techniques using conventional pharmaceutical equipment, suchas a rotary tablet press.

It has been found that many conventional soft-chew tablet formulations,made in the prior art using molding or extrusion techniques, can bemanufactured more efficiently, reliably, and reproducibly, using atablet press. The compressed soft-chew dosage forms of the currentinvention have hardness of less than 2 kp, or may have hardness of lessthan 1 kp, or may have no measurable hardness when tested with aconventional tablet hardness tester. Despite the low hardness, suchcompressed soft tablets have friability of less than 1.0%, or less than0.5%, or less than 0.1% for 100 rotations (according to United StatesPharmacopeia (USP) test <1216>); 200 rotations or 300 rotations.

Dosage forms of the present invention include palatable, soft-chewablepharmaceutical compositions for oral administration to an involuntarysubject population (e.g., very young children, senile patients, animals,etc.) that includes a therapeutically effective amount of apharmaceutically active ingredient susceptible to abuse, in an immediateor controlled release form, and a palatability improving agent in anamount sufficient make the pharmaceutical composition palatable to thesubject population. As used herein, the phrase “involuntary subjectpopulation” is defined as patients who cannot be conventionallyinstructed to chew and/or swallow conventional hard chew tablets orcapsules.

The texture of a chewable dosage unit form is an important factor in theacceptance of oral dosage forms by patients in need of medication.Soft-chewable tablet dosage units, having a soft texture, pleasantmouthfeel, and palatable taste with adequate flavoring agents, provide asolution to such problems. In addition, these features can address theproblem of the disagreeable taste of many active pharmaceuticalingredients. Appropriate chewable dosage form can also address textureproblems caused by dry dusty, granular, and pulverant properties of manypharmaceutical ingredients.

The soft-chewable formulations are prepared according to methodsconventional in the art, such as wet or dry granulation processes.

A soft-chewable pharmaceutical dosage unit is a solid pharmaceuticaldosage unit at room temperature that has low hardness and highermoisture content than a conventional tablet or hard chewable tablet.Such a dosage unit exhibits a plastic rheological behavior and can beformed by many manufacturing processes described in prior art into manydifferent shapes. A soft-chewable pharmaceutical dosage unit afterforming should be dimensionally stable. The ingredients of such asoft-chewable pharmaceutical dosage unit may be of pharmaceutical grade.

A semi plastic oral dosage form unit has a soft texture and hardnesssuch that the unit is intended to be chewed and swallowed. The textureof the unit is such that it does not appreciably dissolve in the mouth.

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the detaileddescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspectsand advantages of the present invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the embodiments and the accompanyingdrawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in detailbelow with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1. is a plot of the texture characterization and comparison tomarketed soft-chewable tablet for data in Example 1, showing load peaksapplied at 2, 9, and 10 seconds;

FIG. 2. is a plot of the texture characterization and comparison tomarketed soft-chewable tablet for data in Example 4, showing load peaksapplied at 2, and 15 seconds;

FIG. 3. is a plot of the dissolution vs. time in 0.1 N HCl, USP IIapparatus, 900 ml, 100 rpm for data in Tables 7 and 8;

FIG. 4. is a plot of the percent drug release vs. time in acetatebuffer, USP II, 900 ml, 100 rpm for data in Tables 9 and 10;

FIG. 5. is a plot of the percent drug release vs. time in phosphatebuffer, pH 7.5, USP II apparatus, 900 ml, 100 rpm for data in Tables 11and 12;

FIG. 6. is a plot of the comparative dissolution of data in Tables 14and 15, glycine buffer pH 3.0, USP II apparatus, 900 ml, 75 rpm; and

FIG. 7. is a plot of the percent drug release v/s time in citrate bufferpH 4.0, USP II apparatus, 900 ml, 100 rpm for data in Table 16.

The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specificembodiments disclosed and described herein, with emphasis instead beingplaced upon clearly illustrating the principles of the preferredembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is susceptible of embodiment in many differentforms. While the figures show, and the specification describes, certainpreferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that suchdisclosure is by way of example only. There is no intent to limit theprinciples of the present invention to the particular disclosedembodiments.

The inventors have discovered that by formulation of a soft chew massaccording to the present invention, conventional tablet compressiontechniques (such as a tablet press) can be used to form very softtablets. Preferably, tablets of the present invention will have auniform composition.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, dosage forms are formedby making a soft chew mass. The soft chew mass includes variousexcipients including lipid and dry ingredients, granulation ingredients(granulation aid ingredients and intra-granulation ingredients),extra-granulation ingredients, and active ingredients. During thegranulation process, granules of the soft chew mass are formed, passedthrough appropriate screens for sizing, and then compressed using arotary tablet press.

The solid, soft chewable or semi-plastic oral dosage forms of thepresent invention have a soft texture, low hardness, and may be chewedand swallowed. The texture of the unit is such that it does notappreciably dissolve in the mouth. Dosage forms of the present inventionmay be designed to be chewed and swallowed by a human or an animal.

A tablet press is a mechanical device that compresses powder intotablets of uniform size and weight. A press can be used to manufacturetablets/pellets of a wide variety of materials, includingpharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and cosmetics. There are two typesof press machines, eccentric-type and rotary-type. The rotary-type isgenerally more widely used, because it facilitates high productionperformance with narrow weight variation along with ease of use.

As used herein, the term “fluid” refers a material that is flowable ormalleable. A fluid material may be a viscous liquid, with a viscositycomparable, for example, to water, vegetable oil, honey, or peanutbutter.

One aspect of the present invention relates to a solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form system including at least one activeingredient. Preferably, the solid, soft chewable or semi-plastic oraldosage forms of the present invention are obtained by compression on arotary tablet press. Preferably, the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage forms of the present invention exhibit ahardness of less than two kiloponds (2 kp) when measured on tablethardness tester. More preferably, the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage forms of the present invention exhibit ahardness of less than one kilopond (1 kp) when measured on tablethardness tester. Even more preferably, the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage forms of the present invention exhibit nohardness when measured on tablet hardness tester. Preferably, the solid,soft chewable or semi-plastic oral dosage forms of the present inventionhave a friability of less than about 1% at 100 rotations.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a soft-chew mass is formedby blending appropriate active ingredients and excipients. The soft-chewmass is compressed in tablet press to provide tablets with minimalhardness. Preferably, the tablets of the present invention have ahardness less than or equal to about two kiloponds (2 kp). Morepreferably, the tablets of the present invention have a hardness of lessthan or equal to about one kilopond (1 kp). Even more preferably, thetablets of the present invention have no measurable hardness in a tablethardness testing apparatus.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a process is provided forthe manufacture of a compressed soft-chew tablet unit dosage form forthe oral administration of an active ingredient, in which a soft-chewtablet or semi-plastic tablet is formed by compressing a soft-chew masson a compression press, and wherein the soft-chew tablets have ahardness of less than about two kiloponds (2 kp) and a friability ofless than about one percent (1%) at three-hundred (300) rotations.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a process is providedfor the manufacture of a compressed soft-chew tablet unit dosage formfor the oral administration of an active ingredient, in which asoft-chew mass mixture is provided including an active ingredient,wherein the soft-chew mass is a granulate (granules) formed with agranulation and sifting step, and wherein the soft-chew mass granulateis pressed into tablets using a tablet press, and wherein the soft-chewtablets have a hardness of less than about two kiloponds (2 kp) and afriability of less than about one percent (1%) at three-hundred (300)rotations.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, an edible compressedsoft-chew tablet or semi plastic oral unit dosage form is manufacturedby a process of: (a) mixing at least one active ingredient with at leastone dry or liquid component to form a liquid premix; (b) blending dryingredients having at least one of each of a bulking agent, a lipid, aflavoring agent, a disintegrating agent, a binding agent, a surfactant,a preservative, a lubricating agent, and an anti-sticking to form auniform dry ingredient mixture; (c) blending the premix and the uniformdry ingredient mixture to form a granulated compacted soft-chew mass;(d) sifting the granulated compacted soft-chew mass through at least onesifting screen to form uniform granules of the soft-chew mass; and (e)adding a lubricant or anti sticking agent to the uniform granules of thesoft-chew mass and compressing the resulting mixture in a tablet pressto from soft-chew tablets.

In certain embodiments, two or more mixtures are prepared in theinventive process. A first mixture is a fluid premix containing theactive ingredient, and a second mixture is a blend of dry ingredients.The fluid premix and dry ingredient blend may be blended together toform a soft-chew mass.

As used herein, the term “active ingredient” or “active agent” refers toan active pharmaceutical ingredient or nutritional agent.

An active pharmaceutical ingredient is a substance used in apharmaceutical dosage form, intended to furnish pharmacological activityor to otherwise have direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation,treatment or prevention of disease, or to have direct effect inrestoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions in a patientpopulation (humans or animals).

A nutritional agent may include vitamins, minerals, glycosaminoglycan orits active members, amino acids or combination thereof that are usefulin human or animal nutrition.

An active pharmaceutical ingredient may include any approved orexperimental drug. By “approved,” it is meant that the drug is approvedfor human or veterinary use by a regulatory agency in any country thatmakes such drug approvals. For example, the pharmaceutically activeingredient may be selected from an anesthetic agent, anthelmintic agent,analgesic agent, steroid, corticosteroid agent, non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) agent, antiemetic agent, anti-thyroidalagent, parasiticidal agent, appetite stimulant, antihistamine agent,antifungal agent, antiprotozoal agent, or anti-depressant.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active ingredientmay be in granular form and coated, or further coated, with a suitablecoating. For example, the coating could be a coating polymer that coatsand protects the active ingredient, or masks an offensive taste and/oroffensive odor. In certain embodiments, the coating could be afunctional coating (e.g., an extended-release coating, delayed-releasecoating, controlled-release coating, barrier coating, or a combinationthereof).

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active ingredientmay be dissolved, emulsified, or suspended in a non-aqueous solventbefore addition. The nutritional or pharmaceutically active ingredientmay be soluble, partially soluble, or insoluble in water.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active ingredientis added to the composition by dry blending.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active ingredientmay be conjugated with other ingredients, such as cyclodextrins,surfactants, solubility or bioavailability enhancers, etc., to inhibitinteractions with other excipients or with the environment, or topromote the chemical stability, improve solubility, enhancebioavailability, or improve the palatability of the nutritionalingredient or pharmaceutically active agent. Similarly, thepharmaceutically active ingredient may be incorporated into a novel drugdelivery system, such as microspheres, microcapsules, liposomes,niosomes, nanoparticles, microemulsions, or nanoemulsions to protect thedrug or permit organ targeting.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the rate of release ofthe active ingredient may be modulated or controlled by, for example,the use of controlled or sustained release agents (e.g., polymers) or byusing excipients (e.g., disintegrants) that promote in rapid release, asappropriate.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a single excipient hasmore than one function in the formulation of the present invention. Forexample, propylene glycol and glycerol may be present and have asimultaneous role as a plasticizer, humectants, antimicrobial agents, orany combination of any two or more thereof, in this formulation. Lipidsmay have a role as a lubricant, plasticizer, binders, or any combinationof any two or more thereof. Any suitable excipient may be used. Lipidsmay include, but are not limited to, mineral oils, liquid vegetableoils, or solid hydrogenated vegetable oils. Vegetable oils may include,but are not limited to, soybean oil, olive oil, flaxseed oil, canolaoil, or corn oil.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active ingredientmay be mixed with a lipid (e.g., vegetable oil) to form a premix.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes atexturing agent, selected from the group comprising of modified cornstarches, polyols, poly(ethylene) oxide, microcrystalline celluloseco-processed with guar gum and the like. A polyol may include propyleneglycol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes one ormore fillers. A filler may be used to increase the total mass of thechewable formulation to a manageable size or to enhance the flowproperties of final powder or granules to be compressed in a rotarytablet press.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes abinding agent. The binding agent may be polyethylene glycol. Thepolyethylene glycol may be admixed to dry ingredients for mixing. Thepolyethylene glycol may be melted and added to at least one other dryingredient and mixed to form the uniform dry ingredient mixture.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includesmicrocrystalline cellulose as a bulking agent.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes lipidand microcrystalline cellulose in a ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:2.5,w/w, and wherein the tablet is manufactured by compression on a tabletpress.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more diluentsmay be used in combination with silicified microcrystalline cellulose.Examples of diluents include starches and their derivatives (e.g.,hydrogenated starch hydrosylate), celluloses and their derivatives(e.g., cellulose acetate), protein matrices (soy protein, dextrates,wheat gluten, whey, corn cob, corn gluten), carbohydrates (e.g.,maltodextrin, polydextrose), sugars and sugar alcohols (glucose,lactose, fructose, maltose, dextrose, sucrose, maltitol, xylitol,isomalt, mannitol), silicates, calcium phosphates, calcium sulfate,dextrates, kaolin, magnesium carbonate, polymethacrylates, talc, salts(e.g., sodium chloride) or any combination of any two or more thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes astarch, or a modified starch, or a mixture of starch and a modifiedstarch.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, diluents may also servea role in fat or oil absorption, disintegration, and binding, providingnutrition, lubrication or any combination of any two or more thereof.The diluents may also be used for taste masking or modifying texture,for example microcrystalline cellulose co-processed with guar gum and/ormodified corn starches.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes one ormore binders. Binders improve the binding properties of the compactedmass, to assist the formation of compact dosage units. Any suitablebinder known in the art may be used. For example, binders that may beused according to the present invention may include, but are not limitedto gums (e.g., xanthan gum and guar gum), alginates, celluloses andtheir derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose and microcrystallinecellulose), lipids (e.g., fats and oils), starches and theirderivatives, dextrins, povidones, silicates, polymethacrylates,polyethylene oxides, waxes, chitosan, polycarbophil, agar, carbomers,and combinations of the foregoing.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes one ormore palatability enhancers. Palatability enhancers improve the taste ofmaterial that is chewed. Advantageously, palatability enhancers mayimprove the palatability of soft-chewable formulations comprisingbitter, acrid, obnoxious, unpleasant, or otherwise unpalatablenutritional or pharmaceutically active agents.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the palatabilityenhancer is a taste masking agent, a flavoring agent, an aroma modifier,or a taste modifier, or any combination of any two or more thereof.

Flavoring agents may be used to improve the palatability of the chewabletablets. Any type of flavoring agent can be used provided it improvesthe palatability of the product, typically by improving either its tasteand/or smell. The use of a flavoring agent may also assist with dosecompliance. Flavors can be natural (derived from animal or plantsources), semisynthetic, or artificial. In one embodiment, the flavoringagent is an artificial flavoring agent, semi-synthetic flavoring agent,a natural flavoring agent, or nature identical flavoring agent.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes liquidcomponents that are absorbed on the surface of a lipid absorbingpharmaceutical ingredient selected from one or more of microcrystallinecellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, and a combination ofmicrocrystalline cellulose and guar gum. The liquid components absorbedon the surface of the lipid absorbing pharmaceutical ingredient may bemixed with the dry ingredient mixture and then sifted again through atleast one sifting screen to form further granules of the soft-chewcomposition mixture. In an embodiment, a nutritional agent or apharmaceutically active ingredient is admixed with the liquid componentsprior to mixing with the lipid absorbing pharmaceutical ingredient.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, plasticizers may beused to the formulation to improve plasticity and malleability of dosageunits of the present invention. In one embodiment, a plasticizer may beselected from alcohols, glycols (such as propylene glycol), lanolin,wool fat, liquid paraffin, mineral oil, petrolatum, benzylphenylformate, chlorobutanol, diethyl phthalate, glycerol, polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, triacetin, benzyl phenyl formate,dibutyl sebacate, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, or any combinationof any two or more thereof. Other plasticizers known in the art may alsobe used.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes anon-active ingredient including of one or more of a starch, apolysaccharide, a humectant, a polyol, water-soluble poly(ethyleneoxide) resin.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes ahumectant. A humectant is used to retain moisture in the dosage unit. Ahumectant of value in this invention may be selected from sodium andpotassium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, aluminum silicate, sodiumpropionates, sodium and potassium phosphates, sugars, sulfites,hydrogenated starch hydrosylate, etc. Liquid humectants include, but arenot limited to, glycols, polyols, sugar alcohols, vegetable oils andmineral oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrocarbons, triacetin,liquid paraffin, or any combination of any two or more thereof. Otherhumectants known in the art may also be used.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes anantioxidant. An antioxidant inhibits oxidation and may be of benefit asa preservative, or to maintain the chemical stability of an active orinactive ingredient. An antioxidant may be selected from propyl gallate,ascorbic acid and its derivatives, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate,malic acid, fumaric acid, editic acid, thiols, polyphenols, sodium EDTA, sodium ascorbate, sodium metabisulfite, butylated hydroxytoluene,butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylatedhydroxytoluene co-processed with zea mays oil or natural substances suchas flavanoids, tocopherols, carotenes, cysteine, or any combination ofany two or more thereof. Other antioxidants known in the art may also beused. The antioxidants are generally added to the formulation in amountsof from about one one-hundredth percent (0.01%) to about two percent(2.0%), based upon total weight of the formulation, with about oneone-hundredth percent (0.01%) to about one percent (1.0%) beingespecially preferred.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes apreservative selected from the group including parabens (methylparabenand/or propylparaben), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride,benzoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, benzyl alcohol, bronopol,butylparaben, cetrimide, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol,cresol, ethylparaben, imidurea, methylparaben, phenol, phenoxyethanol,phenylethyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodiumpropionate, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and quaternary ammonium compounds.Other preservatives known in the art may also be used.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes anonaqueous solvent, for example glycerin or sorbitol. A non-aqueoussolvent may disperse, solubilize or enhance solubilization of thenutritional or pharmaceutically active agent. The non-aqueous solventmay also enhance the binding of the formulation and the consistency andtexture of the soft-chewable dosage form.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the solid, soft chewable orsemi-plastic oral dosage form of the present invention includes adisintegrating agent. A disintegrating agent may be used to enable theinventive chewable tablets to break down on contact with water, saliva,or gastric fluid in the stomach to quickly release the activeingredient. A disintegrating agent may be selected from povidones,croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycollate, celluloses and theirderivatives, starches and their derivatives, gelatin, silicon dioxide,or any combination of any two or more thereof. Other disintegratingagents known in the art may also be used. Disintegration may be testedand measured using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Disintegration Test<701> for uncoated tablets, using water as medium.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a granulated compactedsoft-chew mass is formed, and the mass is dried by equipment usingdirect or indirect conduction heat applied to a static solid bed, amoving solid bed, or a fluidized solid bed. The granulated mass may bedried at room temperature, for example about twenty-five degrees Celsius(25° C.) plus-or-minus ten degrees Celsius (10° C.). Alternatively, thegranulated mass may be dried at a controlled temperature of about fiftydegrees Celsius (50° C.) or less.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the process of thisinvention may include sifting, or milling, of dry components or agranulated mass, or a mixture of both through sifting screens with meshsizes commonly known in the art. Mesh sizes for sifting screens mayinclude Mesh #4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 10 or 12 or 14 or 16 or 18 or 20or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or 60 or other mesh sizes commonlyknown in the art. Components may be sifted through at two or morescreens with different mesh sizes one after other in gradual or randomorder of mesh sizes.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dry ingredientmixture or the granulated compacted soft-chew mass is sifted throughsifting equipment using impaction, attrition, compression or cutting.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dry ingredientmixture or the granulated compacted soft-chew mass is uniformly mixedusing equipment using diffusion mixing, convection mixing or pneumaticmixing.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the process of thisinvention may employ pre-compression force applied to the granulatedcompacted soft-chew mass before application of main compression forcefor compression of soft-chews.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the granulatedcompacted soft-chew mass is fed into a compression die by gravity feed,power assisted feed, by centrifugal force, or by compression coating.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the soft-chew tabletsof this invention may incorporate an abuse-deterrent technology, whichcan include one or more of high-melting-point excipients that resistheating and injecting; taste modifiers that resist covertadministration, snorting (ingestion of a powdered material through thenose) and dose dumping (extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients(API) from tablets); water insoluble excipients that resist extractionand drink adulteration; waxy excipients that resist snorting; viscositymodifiers that resist dissolution, injection and dose dumping;low-density excipients that resist drink adulteration; and dyes, thatresist adulteration.

The breaking force of tablets is commonly called hardness in thepharmaceutical literature. The term crushing strength is also frequentlyused to describe the resistance of tablets to the application of acompressive load.

The measure of the mechanical integrity of tablets is their breakingforce or hardness, which is the force required to cause them to fail(i.e., break) in a specific plane. Various equipment is used forhardness measurements, for example a Monsanto Hardness Tester, StokesHardness tester, Pfizer Hardness Tester, Strong-Cobb Hardness Tester, orSchleuniger Hardness tester. Tablet hardness can be expressed usingvarious units depending on the equipment used for hardness measurement.The units for tablet hardness measurement are newtons, pounds,Strong-Cobb units, and kiloponds.

For the hardness measurements for exemplarily examples in thisinvention, a Schleuniger Hardness tester was used, and hardness wasmeasured in kiloponds or newtons. This apparatus has two parallelplatens between which a tablet is placed. A load is applied and thevalue of the hardness is measured. The platen faces are polished smoothand precision-ground perpendicularly to the direction of movement.Perpendicularity is preserved during platen movement, and the mechanismis free of any bending or torsion displacements as the load is applied.The contact faces are larger than the area of contact with the tablet.

In one embodiment, the chewable formulation of this invention includesdosage units which have hardness of less than two kilopond (2 kp),preferably less than one kilopond (1 kp), and more preferably has nomeasurable hardness when measured with a tablet hardness tester.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the chewableformulation of this invention includes dosage units with hardness lessthan three (3.0) Strong Cobb units, preferably less than one andone-half (1.5) Strong Cobb units, or more preferably no measurablehardness when measured with a tablet hardness tester.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the chewableformulation of this invention includes dosage units with hardness lessthan five (5.0) pound, preferably less than two and one-half (2.5)pound, or more preferably no measurable hardness when measured with atablet hardness tester.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the chewableformulation of this invention includes dosage units with hardness lessthan twenty (20.0) newtons, preferably less than ten (10) newtons, ormore preferably no measurable hardness when measured with a tablethardness tester.

A friability value of about one percent (1%) or less (when measured asper USP test) is desirable for tablets in order for them to withstandthe stress of handling during production, packaging, and transport.

In one embodiment the formulation comprises of dosage units withfriability less than one percent (1%), preferably less than one-halfpercent (0.5%), or more preferably less than one-tenth percent (0.1%)for one-hundred (100) rotations (per USP), or two-hundred (200)rotations, or three-hundred (300) rotations.

For traditional tablet compression using rotary tablet press, tablethardness is traditionally kept three kilopond (3 kp) or more. As dosageform size increases, compression force is increased to produce tabletwith even higher hardness.

For tablets having hardness five kilopond (5 kp) or less, a high orderof tablet rejection results because of stress during production,packaging, and transport. For such tablets tablet friability isgenerally between one-tenth percent (0.1%) and one percent (1.0%) whenperformed as per USP test.

As tablet hardness decreases, tablet friability generally increases. Butthe instant inventors have unexpectedly found that for exemplarilyformulations herein, soft-chewable tablets with hardness less than twokilopond (2 kp) or lower, friability remains less than one percent (1%),preferably less than one-half percent (0.5%), more preferably less thanone-tenth percent (0.1%) for one-hundred (100) rotations (per USP),two-hundred (200) rotations, or three-hundred (300) rotations.

In one embodiment, the soft-chewable tablet maintains a characteristicselected from chewiness, hardness, compression energy, adhesion,cohesiveness, springiness, and modulus, and any combination of any twoor more thereof (when measured by the texture analyzer as per procedurefor Example 1) sufficient to provide a chewable texture.

In one embodiment, the dosage unit of this invention (e.g., soft-chew)has a weight between about one-tenth gram (0.1 g) and about ten grams(10 g). In one embodiment, the dosage unit has a weight between aboutone-half gram (0.5 g) and about four grams (4.0 g). In one embodiment,the dosage unit has a weight between about one-tenth gram (0.1 g) andabout three grams (3.0 g). In another embodiment, the weight of thedosage unit is between about one-tenth gram (0.1 g) and about two grams(2.0 g).

In certain embodiments of the present invention, weight of the dosageunit can be between about one-tenth gram (0.1 g) and about one gram (1.0g); or between about one and one-tenth gram (1.1 g) and about two grams(2.0 g); or between about two and one-tenth grams (2.1 g) and aboutthree grams (3.0 g); or between about three and one-tenth grams (3.1 g)and about four grams (4.0 g); or between about four and one-tenth grams(4.1 g) and about five grams (5.0 g).

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dosage unit (e.g.,soft-chew) of this invention can have an imprint on at least one surfaceof the dosage unit. In a specific embodiment this imprint can be on thetop surface of the dosage unit. Such imprint can be, for example,letters, numbers, logos, or symbols, etc. An imprint can also be on thebottom surface.

In one embodiment, the dosage unit has a score or groove on one of thesurfaces. This cross score has the effect that it facilitates thedividing of the dosage unit and allows more exact dosing of the activepharmaceutical ingredient according to the body weight, and/or age ofthe patient.

Such dosage units can have different weights, dimensions and shapes thatcan be adapted to the weight and need of the target patient populationto allow accurate dosing. Dosage forms can be to different weights,dimensions and shapes known in the art. For example, the soft-chewtablets of this invention can be round, capsule-shaped, or have amodified shape.

The soft-chewable tablets of this invention can be packaged as bulkprimary packaging, or as singular unit primary packaging.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples set forth preferred therapeutic agents andmethods in accordance with the invention, but it is to be understoodthat these examples are given by way of illustration only, and nothingtherein should be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of theinvention.

Ingredients corresponding to Example 1 are tabulated in Table 1, withthe amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight (%w/w).

TABLE 1 Ingredients % w/w Active Placebo Active 3.00 Granulation AidIngredients Soybean Oil 15.00 Zea Mays (corn) Oil & butylated 0.10hydroxyanisole (BHA) & butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) Glycerin 19.00Intra-granular Ingredients Microcrystalline Cellulose 21.00Pregelatinized Corn Starch 5.00 Extra-granular IngredientsPregelatinized Corn Starch 3.00 Beef Flavor 19.00 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate0.20 Poly(ethylene) Oxide 1.00 Maltodextrin 3.00 Modified Corn Starch3.00 Crosscarmellose Sodium 3.70 Color 0.01 Polyethylene Glycol 33502.00 Flow Aid Ingredients Magnesium Stearate 1.00 Colloidal SiliconDioxide 1.00 Total 100

Procedure—Example 1

-   -   Step 1: Two methods were employed using the formulation        summarized in Table 1. In the first method, a placebo active was        added as part of granulation aid components, and in the second        method placebo active was added as part of extra-granular        addition, remaining procedure was same for both methods.    -   Step 2: The intra-granular ingredients and the active were        passed through a sifting screen followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 3: The extra-granular ingredients were passed through a        sifting screen followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 4: Granulation aid components were added to the        intra-granular blend and mixed thoroughly until uniformly mixed,        followed by melting polyethylene glycol 3350 and quickly adding        this to granulated mass, followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 5: The granulated mass from Step 4 was passed through a        sifting screen to form uniform granules.    -   Step 6: The extra-granular blend from Step 3 was added to        screened granules from step 5, followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 7: Blended granules from Step 6 were passed through a        sifting screen.    -   Step 8: Magnesium stearate and colloidal silicon dioxide mixed        with small amount of granules from Step 6 and passed sifting        screen.    -   Step 9: The milled (sifted) components from Step 8 were added to        granules from Step 6 followed by uniform mixing followed by        compressing on a rotary tablet press using 18 mm×18 mm rounded        square punch.

Texture Analysis was performed using CT3 Texture Analyzer (BrookfieldEngineering) using a TA3/100 probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000g) load cell and five gram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4mm) using two millimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a datarate of one-hundred (100) points/second. Load peaks were applied at two(2), nine (9), and ten (10) seconds. The results are plotted in FIG. 1.

The results of a tablet characterization study are tabulated in Tables 2and 3. In the study, tablets formed in accordance with Example 1 werecompared to a marketed soft-chewable tablet. The marketed soft-chewabletablet was formed using an unconventional molding method. The data inTable 3 was obtained using a CT3 Texture Analyzer.

TABLE 2 Marketed Parameters Product Example 1 Weight (grams) 3.600-3.7503000 Shape Trapezoidal Square Color Multiple Strengths Yellowish Brownwith Different Colors Width × Length 16.10 × 17.40 18 × 18 Top (mm)Width × Length 17.80 × 18.60 18 × 18 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 9.20-9.60 8.00-9.00 Disintegration Time   20-26 10 to 15 (minutes)Tablet Hardness (kp) 0   0 Tablet Friability (%) 0   0

TABLE 3 Marketed Parameters Product Example 1 Hardness  3000-39003698.00-3866.00 (grams) Deformation at  3.95-4.00   1.78-3.58 Hardness(mm) Adhesiveness 0.00 mJ-0.20 mJ 0.00 mJ-0.10 mJ Cohesiveness 0.30-0.34   0.00-0.15 Gumminess 1100.00 g-1450.00 g 4.00 g-546.00 gChewiness 24.40 mJ-93.70 mJ 0.00 mJ-42.70 mJ

Ingredients corresponding to Example 2 (a conventional hard chewabletablet) are tabulated in Table 4, with the amount of each ingredientgiven in respective percent by weight (% w/w).

TABLE 4 Ingredients % w/w Step 1 Ingredients Carprofen 5.00 ArtificialBeef Flavor 20.00 Silicified Microcrystalline 17.95 CellulosePolycarbophil 2.50 Polyethylene Glycol 3350 6.00 MicrocrystallineCellulose & 3.00 Guar Gum Pregelatinized Corn Starch 24.00 LactoseMonohydrate 15.00 Crosscarmellose Sodium 2.50 Step 2 Ingredients Color 10.03 Color 2 0.02 Talc 2.00 Magnesium Stearate 2.00 Total 100

Procedure—Example 2

-   -   Step 1: All step 1 ingredients were individually weighed and        passed through a sifting screen and uniformly mixed.    -   Step 2: The step 2 ingredients were mixed along with small        quantity of pre-mix from Step 1.    -   Step 3: The ingredients from Step 2 were added to the remaining        pre-mixed ingredients from Step 1 and mixed for uniform mixing        for 2-3 minutes and further subjected to compression on rotary        tablet press for 500 mg fill weight.

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 3 and 4 are tabulated in Table 5,with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight(% w/w).

TABLE 5 Example Example Ingredients 3 4 Active Carprofen 0.84 3.34Granulation Aid Ingredients Soybean Oil 16.00 9.00 Zea Mays Oil & BHA &0.10 0.10 BHT Glycerin 20.00 13.00 Polyethylene Glycol 600 — 9.00Povicone K 30 2.00 2.00 Intra-granular Ingredients Polycarbophil 0.30 —Silicified Microcrystalline 16.06 18.66 Cellulose Pregrelatinized CornStarch 7.00 7.00 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 1.30 2.50 Artificial BeefFlavor 8.00 15.00 Crosscarmellose Sodium 2.5 2.5 Polyethylene Glycol 600— — Polyethylene Glycol 3350 2 Extra-granular Ingredients PregelatinizedCorn Starch 4 5 Artificial Beef Flavor 10 3 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 0.20.2 Poly(ethylene) Oxide 1 1 Modified Corn Starch 3 — CrosscarmelloseSodium 2.5 2.5 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 1.7 1.7 Lactose Monohydrate 1.54.5 Total 100 100

Procedure—Example 3

-   -   Step 1: The active, soybean oil and Zea Mays Oil and BHA and BHT        are weighed accurately and uniformly mixed to form a dispersion.    -   Step 2: Simultaneously, a dispersion was prepared by adding        povidone to glycerin and properly mixing.    -   Step 3: Intra granular dry ingredients were passed through a        sifting screen followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 4: Dispersions from Step 1 and Step 2 were used as        granulation aid, adding them one after another to pre-mixed        ingredients from Step 3.    -   Step 5: The formed doughy mass was passed through a sifting        screen to get wet granules.    -   Step 6: Extra-granular ingredients were passed through a sifting        screen followed by uniform mixing.    -   Step 7: Approximately half the quantity of the extra-granular        blend from Step 6 was added to the wet granules formed in Step 5        and uniformly mixed.    -   Step 8: The formed slightly dry granular mass was further passed        through sifting screen to obtain granules.    -   Step 9: The formed granules are uniformly mixed with remaining        quantity of extra granular blend from Step 6 and further        subjected to compression on rotary tablet press using 18 mm×18        mm rounded square punch for 3.0 gram target fill weight.

Procedure—Example 4

-   -   Step 1: Active, soybean oil and Zea Mays Oil and BHA and BHT are        weighed accurately and uniformly mixed to form a dispersion.    -   Step 2: Simultaneously, a dispersion was prepared by adding        Povidone and Polyethylene Glycol 600 to Glycerin and properly        mixing.    -   Step 3: The Intra-granular dry ingredients were mixed together        and passed through a sifting screen.    -   Step 4: The extra-granular dry ingredients were mixed together        and passed through a sifting screen.    -   Step 5: The pre-mix from step 3 was added to a Rapid Mixer        Granulator (RMG) bowl of appropriate size and mixed for 2        minutes with 60 rpm impeller speed.    -   Step 6: The Dispersion from step 1 was added slowly in about 1        minute and mixed further for 4 minutes with 60 rpm impeller        speed and 150 rpm chopper speed.    -   Step 7: The dispersion from step 2 was added slowly in about 2        minute with 50 rpm impeller speed and 150 rpm chopper speed.    -   Step 8: The formed doughy mass was passed through a sifting        screen to get wet granules.    -   Step 9: Approximately half the quantity of the extra-granular        blend from step 4 was added to the wet granules formed in step 8        and uniformly blended.    -   Step 10: The formed slightly dry granular mass was further        passed through a sifting screen to get granules.    -   Step 11: The formed granules had a Loss on Drying (LOD) value of        7.76% w/w at one-hundred-five degrees Celsius (105° C.) over a        period of nine (9) minutes and thirty-seven (37) seconds.    -   Step 12: The formed granules are uniformly mixed with the        remaining quantity of the extra-granular blend from step 4 and        further subjected to compression on rotary tablet press using 18        mm×18 mm rounded square punch for three gram (3 g) target fill        weight.    -   Step 13: The compressed tablets exhibited tablets hardness of        zero (0) newton or kilopond when measured using conventional        hardness tester and had tablet friability of 0.02% w/w.

Texture analysis was performed using CT3 Texture Analyzer usingTA/RT/KIT probe and 25,000 g load cell and 510 g trigger load, over 4 mmusing 2 mm/s test speed and using data rate of 10 points/second. Loadpeaks were applied at 2 and 15 seconds. The results are plotted in FIG.2.

Table 6—Tablet Characterization, Examples 2-4

TABLE 6 Test Parameters Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Weight (g) 0.5003.0 3.0 Shape Square Square Square Color Light Brown Yellow-BrownYellow-Brown Dimension (mm) — 18 X 18 18 X 18 Thickness (mm)  4.00-5.00  7.00-8.00   8.00-9.00  Disintegration Time (min) — 10.00-15.0020.00-21.00 Tablet Hardness (kp) 16.00-18.00 0 0 Tablet Hardness (N) 170— 0 Tablet Friability (% w/w) — 0 0.02 LOD at 105° C. (% w/w) 6.00-7.00  —  7.00-8.00 

The results of a comparative dissolution study (in vitroanalysis—multimedia dissolution testing) involving the tablets formedaccording to Examples 2 and 3 are tabulated in Tables 7 and 8,respectfully. The dissolution profiles of Examples 2 and 3 were comparedto a reference drug and a marketed soft-chew, respectfully. A paddleapparatus (USP II Apparatus) rotating at 100 rpm was used. Thedissolution medium consisted of a nine-hundred milliliter (900 ml) 0.1 MHCl solution.

TABLE 7 Time Points Reference Drug Example 2 (Minutes) (Hard Chew) (HardChew) 5 4.2 5 15 8.8 10 30 9.4 15 45 9.9 13 60 11.6 13 90 11.9 18 12012.7 15

TABLE 8 Example 3 Time Points Marketed (Prototype (Minutes) Soft-ChewSoft-Chew) 5 17 12.5 15 28 24.0 30 33 32.0 45 37 32.1 60 34 33.2 90 3530.5 120 36 30.6

The data in Tables 7 and 8 is presented graphically in FIG. 3.

The results of a comparative dissolution study (in vitroanalysis—multimedia dissolution testing) involving the tablets formedaccording to Examples 2 and 3 are tabulated in Tables 9 and 10,respectfully. The dissolution profiles of Examples 2 and 3 were comparedto a reference drug and a marketed soft-chew, respectfully. A paddleapparatus (USP II Apparatus) rotating at 100 rpm was used. Thedissolution medium consisted of a nine-hundred milliliter (900 ml)acetate buffer solution, pH 4.5.

TABLE 9 Time Points Reference Drug Example 2 (Minutes) (Hard Chew) (HardChew) 5 5.8 13 15 14.5 24 30 19.4 32 45 21.2 33 60 24.0 33 90 25.5 34120 25.5 34

TABLE 10 Example 3 Time Points Marketed (Prototype (Minutes) Soft-ChewSoft-Chew) 5 21 18.0 15 41 37.5 30 53 51.4 45 55 54.4 60 56 54.1 90 5651.5 120 57 53.0

The data in Tables 9 and 10 is presented graphically in FIG. 4.

The results of a comparative dissolution study (in vitroanalysis—multimedia dissolution testing) involving the tablets formedaccording to Examples 2 and 3 are tabulated in Tables 11 and 12,respectfully. The dissolution profiles of Examples 2 and 3 were comparedto a reference drug and a marketed soft-chew, respectfully. A paddleapparatus (USP II Apparatus) rotating at 100 rpm was used. Thedissolution medium consisted of a nine-hundred milliliter (900 ml)phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.5.

TABLE 11 Time Points Reference Drug Example 2 (Minutes) (Hard Chew)(Hard Chew) 5 23.8 26.00 15 59.2 68.00 30 90.8 92.00 45 93.2 92.00 6093.6 92.00 90 93.7 92.00 120 94.1 93.00

TABLE 12 Example 3 Time Points Marketed (Prototype (Minutes) Soft-ChewSoft-Chew) 5 25.0 22.0 15 66.9 55.0 30 91.1 87.0 45 95.3 96.0 60 95.397.0 90 95.3 97.0 120 95.3 97.0

The data in Tables 11 and 12 is plotted in FIG. 5.

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 5-8 are tabulated in Table 13,with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight(% w/w).

TABLE 13 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- ple ple ple ple Ingredients 5 6 7 8Active Cefpodoxime Proxetil 13.50 — — — Enrofloxacin — 4.54 — —Pimobendan — — 0.08 — Deracoxib — — — 3.34 Granulation Aid IngredientsSoybean Oil 7.00 9.00 10.00 15.00 Zea Mays Oil & BHA & BHT 0.10 0.100.10 0.10 Glycerin 20.00 13.00 12.00 19.50 Polyethylene Glycol 600 3.009.00 10.20 — Povidone K 30 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Color — — 0.01 0.02Intra-granular Ingredients Polycarbophil — — — 0.25 Lactose Monohydrate— — — — Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose 20.00 — — — SilicifiedMicrocrystalline 3.85 18.15 18.71 15.59 Cellulose Sodium Lauryl Sulfate1.50 — — — Pregelatinized Corn Starch 2.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 CalciumSulfate Dihydrate — 2.50 2.50 2.50 Artificial Beef Flavor 15.00 15.0015.00 15.00 Crosscarmellose Sodium 2.00 3.50 — 1.50 Polyethylene Glycol600 — — 2.50 1.00 Color — — — — Polyethylene Glycol 3350 — — — —Extra-granular Ingredients Pregelatinized Corn Starch — 4.00 5.00 5.00Artificial Beef Flavor 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Citric Acid — — — — SodiumCarboxymethylcellulose 5.00 — — — Sodium Lauryl Sulfate — 0.20 0.30 0.20Poly(ethylene) Oxide — 1.00 1.00 1.00 Color 0.05 — — — Modified CornStarch — — — — Crosscarmellose Sodium 2.00 1.50 2.50 5.00 CalciumSulfate Dihydrate — 2.01 1.70 1.00 Lactose Monohydrate- — 4.50 6.50 1.00Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Procedure—Example 5

-   -   Step 1: Soybean oil and zea mays oil and BHA and BHT are weighed        accurately and uniformly mixed to form a dispersion.    -   Step 2: Simultaneously, a dispersion is prepared by adding        polyethylene glycol 600 to glycerin and properly mixing.    -   Step 3: Cefpodoxime proxetil (active) was part of the        intra-granular addition. All intra-granular dry ingredients were        mixed uniformly and passed through sifting screen.    -   Step 4: The dispersions from Step 1 and Step 2 are used as        granulation aid, adding them one after another to the pre-mixed        ingredients from Step 3.    -   Step 5: The formed doughy mass was passed through a sifting        screen to get wet granules.    -   Step 6: The extra-granular ingredients were mixed uniformly and        passed through a sifting screen.    -   Step 7: Approximately half the quantity of the extra-granular        blend from Step 6 was added to the wet granules formed in Step 5        and mixed uniformly.    -   Step 8: The formed slightly dry granular mass was passed through        sifting screen to get granules.    -   Step 9: The formed granules were mixed uniformly with remaining        quantity of extra-granular blend and further subjected to        compression on rotary tablet press using 15.3 mm×15.3 mm rounded        square punch for 2000 mg fill weight and 12.3 mm×12.3 mm rounded        square for 1000 mg fill weight separately.

The results of a comparative dissolution study (in vitroanalysis—multimedia dissolution testing) involving the tablets formedaccording to Example 5 are tabulated in Tables 14 and 15. Thedissolution profile of Example 5 was compared to a reference drug. Apaddle apparatus (USP II Apparatus) rotating at 75 rpm was used. Thedissolution medium consisted of a nine-hundred milliliter (900 ml)glycine buffer solution, pH 3.0.

TABLE 14 Reference Drug Example 5 Time Points 100 mg 1000 mg (Minutes)(Hard Chew) (Soft-Chew) 5 79.8 50.8 15 99.9 95.8 30 102.2 103.3 45 101.0104.8

TABLE 15 Reference Drug Example 5 Time Points 200 mg 2000 mg (Minutes)(Hard Chew) (Soft-Chew) 5 77.1 43.2 15 92.3 86.4 30 98.0 99.0 45 98.4103.0

The data in Tables 14 and 15 is plotted in FIG. 6.

Procedure—Examples 6-8

-   -   Step 1: The active, soybean oil and zea mays oil and BHA and BHT        were uniformly mixed to form a dispersion.    -   Step 2: Simultaneously, a dispersion was prepared by weighing        the remaining granulation aid ingredients followed by properly        mixing.    -   Step 3: Intra granular dry ingredients were uniformly mixed and        passed through a sifting screen.    -   Step 4: The dispersions from Step 1 and Step 2 were used as a        granulation aid, adding them one after another to pre-mixed        ingredients from Step 3.    -   Step 5: The formed mass was passed through sifting screens to        get wet granules.    -   Step 6: The extra-granular ingredients were mixed uniformly and        passed through a sifting screen.    -   Step 7: Approximately half the quantity of the extra-granular        blend from Step 6 was added to the wet granules formed in Step 5        and mixed uniformly.    -   Step 8: The formed slightly dry granular mass was passed through        a sifting screen to obtain granules.    -   Step 9: The formed granules are uniformly mixed with remaining        quantity of extra-granular blend and further subjected to        compression on rotary tablet press.

The results of a comparative dissolution study (in vitroanalysis—multimedia dissolution testing) involving the tablets formedaccording to Example 6 are tabulated in Table 16. The dissolutionprofile of Example 6 was compared to a reference drug. A paddleapparatus (USP II Apparatus) rotating at 100 rpm was used. Thedissolution medium consisted of a nine-hundred milliliter (900 ml)citrate buffer solution, pH 4.0.

TABLE 16 Time Points Reference Drug Example 6 (Minutes) (Hard Chew)(Soft-Chew) 5 64.9 95.2 10 96.9 97.2 15 98.7 97.7 30 99.2 96.6 45 98.898.6

The data in Table 16 is plotted in FIG. 7.

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 9-11 (carprofen soft chewabletablets) are tabulated in Table 12, with the amount of each ingredientgiven in respective percent by weight (w/w %). In each of the Examples9-11, the active ingredient is carprofen. In Example 9, the activestrength of carprofen is about 25 mg. In Example 10, the active strengthof carprofen is about 75 mg. In Example 11, the active strength ofcarprofen is about 100 mg.

TABLE 17 Example Example Example Ingredient 9 10 11 Granulation AidCarprofen 0.83 2.5 3.33 Mineral Oil 8 8 8 Sorbitol 15.5 15.5 15.5Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-600) 6 6 6 Povidone (K-30) 2.3 2.3 2.3 BrownIron Oxide 0.01 0.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Carnauba Wax 5 4 4Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose 19.84 19.84 19.01 Lactose 3.92 3 3Pregelatinized Corn Starch 2 2 2 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 2 2 2Croscarmellose sodium 0.1 0.35 0.35 Beef Flavor 15 15 15 Extra-granularIngredients Pregelatinized Corn Starch 5 5 5 Silicified MicrocrystallineCellulose 7.5 7.5 7.5 Beef Flavor 3 3 3 Lactose 2 2 2 Flow AidIngredient Sodium Stearyl Fumarate 2 2 2 Total 100 100 100

Procedure—Examples 9-11

-   -   Step 1: All intra-granular materials (silicified        microcrystalline cellulose, carnauba wax, pregelatinized starch,        beef flavor, croscarmellose sodium, calcium sulfate dihydrate)        were passed through simultaneously through #40 mesh screen using        mechanical sifter and once again passed through #40 mesh screen.    -   Step 2: All extra-granular materials (pregelatinized starch,        lactose monohydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose sodium)        passed through simultaneously through #40 mesh screen and once        again passed through #40 mesh screen and approximately divided        into two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate passed through #40 mesh screen        and once again passed through #40 mesh screen.    -   Step 4: Sorbitol and polyethylene glycol kept in a vessel under        stirring.    -   Step 5: Povidone was added to materials from Step 4 under        continuous stirring to obtain a clear, lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: Brown iron oxide added to materials from Step 5 under        continuous stirring to obtain a lump free dispersion.    -   Step 7: Carprofen was added to mineral oil under continuous        stirring to obtain a lump free dispersion.    -   Step 8: Dispersion from Step 7 was added to materials from Step        1.    -   Step 9: Dispersion from Step 6 was added to materials Step 8 to        form a wet mass.    -   Step 10: Wet mass of Step 9 was kneaded for up to two (2)        minutes.    -   Step 11: Wet mass of Step 10 and approximately 75% materials of        Step 2 were passed through cone-mill using six millimeter (6 mm)        screen at slow speed and knife forward to form granules.    -   Step 12: Granules from Step 11 were further passed through #8        mesh screen to form final granules.    -   Step 13: Granules from Step 12 and remaining 25% material from        Step 2 were blended together for three (3) minutes.    -   Step 14: Granules from Step 13 were lubricated with material        from Step 3 for five (5) minutes.    -   Step 15: The formed granules were subjected to compression on        rotary tablet press using 18 mm×18 mm rounded square punch.

Table 18: Tablet Characterization—Examples 9-11 Compared to MarketedProduct

TABLE 18 Marketed Parameters Product Example 9 Example 10 Example 11Weight (mg) 3860 3000 3000 3000 Shape Trapezoidal Rounded RoundedRounded Square Square Square Color Brown Light brown Light brown Lightbrown to brown to brown to brown Width × Length 16.4 × 17.1 18.0 × 18.018.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Top (mm) Width × Length 17.8 × 18.6 18.0 × 18.018.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 9.5 8.6 8.8 8.8Disintegration 26 20 24 26 Time (min) Hardness (N) 0 0 0 0 Friability(%) 0 0 0 0

Table 19: Texture Analysis—Examples 9-11 Compared to Marketed Product

Analysis performed using a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering)using a TA18 Probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load celland five gram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using twomillimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate oftwenty (20) points/second.

TABLE 19 Marketed Example Example Example Parameters Product 9 10 11Hardness Cycle 1 5886 636 2088 1806 (g) Hardness Cycle 2 4610 130 202414 (g) Deformation at 3.97 1.69 2.16 2.27 hardness (mm) StringinessLength 0.91 56.14 0.1 0 (mm) Adhesiveness (mJ) 0.1 0.4 0.7 0Cohesiveness 0.46 0.02 0.03 0.41 Gumminess (g) 2703 10 59 744 Chewiness(mJ) 74.7 0.2 1.7 355.5 Springiness 2.82 2.23 2.87 48.71

The results of a comparative dissolution study involving the tabletsformed according to Examples 9-11 are tabulated in Tables 20-22,respectively. The dissolution profiles of Examples 9-11 were compared tomarketed products having similar active strengths. A paddle apparatusrotating at 100 rpm was used. Nine-hundred milliliters (900 ml) ofphosphate buffer pH 7.5 was used as the dissolution medium.

TABLE 20 Marketed product Example Time point 25 mg 9 0 0 0 5 20 27 15 5567 30 89 90 45 98 96 60 98 98 90 98 98 120 98 98

TABLE 21 Marketed product Example Time point 75 mg 10 0 0 0 5 16 19 1544 51 30 76 77 45 88 91 60 93 96 90 93 98 120 93 98

TABLE 22 Marketed product Example Time point 100 mg 11 0 0 0 5 14 16 1542 45 30 73 71 45 89 87 60 91 93 90 92 97 120 92 97

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 12-14 (carprofen soft chewabletablets) are tabulated in Table 23, with the amount of each ingredientgiven in respective percent by weight (% w/w). In each of the Examples12-14, the active ingredient is carprofen. In Example 12, the activestrength of carprofen is about 25 mg. In Example 13, the active strengthof carprofen is about 75 mg. In Example 14, the active strength ofcarprofen is about 100 mg.

TABLE 23 Example Example Example Ingredients 12 13 14 Granulation AidIngredients Mineral Oil 8 8 8 Sorbitol 15.5 15.5 15.5 PolyethyleneGlycol (PEG 600) 3.5 3.5 4 Povidone (K-30) 0.5 0.2 0.4 Brown Iron Oxide0.01 0.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Carprofen 0.83 2.5 3.33Carnauba wax 4 4 4 Lactose 20.31 20.09 17.41 Silicified MicrocrystallineCellulose 7.6 7.6 7.6 Pregelatinized Corn Starch 2 2 2 Calcium SulfateDihydrate 2 2 2 Croscarmellose Sodium 0.25 0.6 0.25 Beef Flavor 15 15 15Extra-granular Ingredients Pregelatinized Corn Starch 5 5 5 SilicifiedMicrocrystalline Cellulose 7.5 7 7.5 Beef Flavor 3 3 3 Lactose 3 2 3Flow Aid Ingredient Sodium Stearyl Fumarate 2 2 2 Total 100 100 100

Procedure—Examples 12-14

-   -   Step 1: All intra-granular materials (carprofen, carnauba wax,        lactose monohydrate, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,        pregelatinized starch, calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor        and croscarmellose sodium) were passed simultaneously through        #40 mesh followed by mixing.    -   Step 2: All extra-granular materials (lactose monohydrate,        silicified microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch and        beef flavor) were passed simultaneously through #40 mesh screen        and approximately divided into two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate was passed through #40 mesh        screen.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added to sorbitol and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear solution.    -   Step 5: Brown iron oxide was added to dispersion from Step 4        under continuous stirring.    -   Step 6: Materials from Step 4 were added to the materials from        Step 1 and mixed continuously until uniformly mixed, followed by        addition of mineral oil and mixing continuously to get        granulated wet mass.    -   Step 7: Wet mass from Step 6 was passed through multi-mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen to form granules.    -   Step 8: 75% of the quantity of extra-granular materials from        Step 2 and granules from Step 8 were passed through #8 mesh        screen.    -   Step 9: Remaining quantity of extra-granular materials (25%)        from Step 2 and granules from Step 9 were blended together for        two (2) minutes.    -   Step 10: Sodium stearyl fumarate from Step 3 was added to        granules from Step 10 and blended together for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 11: The formed granules from Step 10 were subjected to        compression on rotary tablet press using 18 mm×18 mm rounded        square punch.

Table 24: Tablet Characterization—Examples 12-14

TABLE 24 Example Example Example Parameters 12 13 14 Weight (mg) 30003000 3000 Shape Rounded Rounded Rounded Square Square Square Color Lightbrown Light brown Light brown to brown to brown to brown Width × Length18.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Top (mm) Width × Length 18.0 × 18.018.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 8.6 8.7 8.8Disintegration 20 18 25 Time (min) Hardness (N) 0 0 0 Friability (%) 0 00

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExamples 12-14 are tabulated in Table 25. The texture analysis wasperformed using a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using aTA18 Probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and fivegram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using twomillimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate oftwenty (20) points/second.

TABLE 25 Example Example Example Parameters 12 13 14 Hardness Cycle 1(g) 1310 1900 1434 Hardness Cycle 2 (g) 276 238 156 Deformation athardness (mm) 1.58 1.67 1.68 Stringiness Length (mm) 64.2 69.26 22.53Adhesiveness (mJ) 1.1 0.6 0.5 Cohesiveness 0 0.03 0.1 Gumminess (g) −158 149 Chewiness (mJ) 0 1.6 5 Springiness 0.92 2.75 3.45

Tables 26-28 show the results accelerated stability study of the tabletsformed according to Examples 12-14, respectively. The tablets werepackaged in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) container and stored at atemperature of 40° C.±2° C. and a relative humidity (RH) of 75%±5%.

TABLE 26 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying5.66 6.64 6.71 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 96.6 97.4 95.9 Dissolution (%)99 98 93 Related 0.078 ND 0.14 Substances (%) 0.145 0.14 0.21

TABLE 27 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying7.12 7.01 7.14 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 98.8 100.3 99 Dissolution (%)94 94 88 Related 0.082 ND 0.19 Substances (%) 0.198 0.17 0.25

TABLE 28 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying7.2 6.89 6.68 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 94.2 99.6 97.6 Dissolution (%)92 76 83 Related 0.074 ND 0.15 Substances (%) 0.173 0.14 0.22

Ingredients corresponding to Example 15 are tabulated in Table 29. Theactive ingredient in the formulation of Example 15 is enrofloxacin. Theactive strength of enrofloxcin used in the Example 15 formulation was22.7 mg or 68 mg or 136 mg.

TABLE 29 Ingredient % wt./wt Granulation Aid Ingredients Mineral Oil 7Glycerin 18 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-600) 1.5 Povidone (K-30) 0.15 BrownIron Oxide 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Enrofloxacin 4.53 Carnaubawax 4 Lactose 8.5 Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose 15.21 CalciumSulfate Dihydrate 2 Beef Flavor 15 Croscarmellose Sodium 4.5Extra-granular Ingredients Pregelatinized Starch 3 SilicifiedMicrocrystalline Cellulose 2.5 Beef Flavor 3 Croscarmellose Sodium 6.9Lactose 2 Flow Aid Ingredients Sodium Stearyl Fumarate 2 Sodium LaurylSulphate 0.2 Total 100

Procedure—Example 15

-   -   Step 1: Intra-granular ingredients (enrofloxacin, silicified        microcrystalline cellulose, carnauba wax, pregelatinized starch,        beef flavor, croscarmellose sodium, and calcium sulphate        dihydrate) were passed through simultaneously through #40 mesh        screen and once again passed through #40 mesh screen followed by        mixing.    -   Step 2: Extra-granular ingredients (pregelatinized starch, beef        flavor, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and        croscarmellose sodium) were passed through simultaneously        through #40 mesh screen using mechanical sifter and resifted        once through #40 mesh screen and approximately divided into two        parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium lauryl sulphate        passed through simultaneously through #40 mesh screen and again        passed through #40 mesh screen.    -   Step 4: Glycerin and polyethylene glycol were mixed in a vessel        under stirring to form dispersion.    -   Step 5: Povidone was added to dispersion from Step 4 under        continuous stirring to obtain a clear, lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: Brown iron oxide added to dispersion from Step 5 under        continuous stirring to obtain a lump free dispersion.    -   Step 7: Mineral oil was added to materials from Step 1.    -   Step 8: Dispersion from Step 6 was added to contents from Step 7        to form a wet mass.    -   Step 9: Wet mass from Step 8 was kneaded for up to one (1)        minute.    -   Step 10: Wet mass from Step 9 and 75% extra-granular materials        from Step 2 were passed simultaneously through cone-mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen at slow speed and knife forward to        form granules.    -   Step 11: Granules from Step 10 were further sifted by passing        through #8 mesh screen.    -   Step 12: Granules from Step 11 and remaining 25% extra-granular        materials from Step 2 were blended together for 3 minutes.    -   Step 13: Sodium Stearyl Fumarate and Sodium Lauryl sulphate from        Step 3 were added to final granules from Step 12 and mixed        together for 2 minutes.    -   Step 14: Compression was done using following tooling on a        rotary tablet press. With respect to the Example 15 formulation        having a enrofloxacin strength of 22.7 mg, a 10.5 mm×10.5 mm        rounded square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having        a 500 mg fill weight. With respect to the Example 15 formulation        having a enrofloxacin strength of 68 mg, a 15.3 mm×15.3 mm        rounded square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having        a 1500 mg fill weight. With respect to the Example 15        formulation having a enrofloxacin strength of 136 mg, an 18.0        mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape punch was used to compress a        tablet having a 3000 mg fill weight.

Table 23: Tablet Characterization—Example 15

TABLE 30 Example 15 Example 15 Example 15 Parameters 22.7 mg 68 mg 136mg Weight (mg) 500 1500 3000 Shape Rounded Rounded Rounded Square SquareSquare Color Light brown Light brown Light brown to brown to brown tobrown Area-Top (mm) 10.5 × 10.5 15.3 × 15.3 18.0 × 18.0 Width × LengthArea-Bottom (mm) 10.5 × 10.5 15.3 × 15.3 18.0 × 18.0 Width × LengthThickness (mm) 4.5 6.8 9 Disintegration 5 min 7 min 9 min Time (min)Hardness (N) 0 0 0 Friability (%) 0 0 0

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExample 15 are tabulated in Table 31. The texture analysis was performedusing a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using a TA18 Probeand twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and five gram (5 g)trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using two millimeter persecond (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate of twenty (20)points/second.

TABLE 31 Example 15 Example 15 Example 15 Parameters 22.7 mg 68.0 mg 136mg Hardness Cycle 1 (g) 3348 1994 3142 Hardness Cycle 2 (g) 1186 232 6Deformation at 3.97 0.96 1.27 hardness (mm) Stringiness Length 0 50.37 0(mm) Adhesiveness (mJ) 0 −0.1 0 Cohesiveness 0.03 0.09 0 Gumminess (g)116 185 0 Chewiness (mJ) 1.1 122.8 0 Springiness 0.25 67.84 1

The results of a comparative dissolution study involving the tabletsformed according to Example 15 are tabulated in Tables 32-34. Thedissolution profiles of Example 15 were compared to marketed productshaving similar active strengths. A paddle apparatus rotating at 100 rpmwas used. Nine-hundred milliliters (900 ml) of pH 4.0 citrate buffer wasused as the dissolution medium.

TABLE 32 Marketed Time product Example 15 point 22.7 mg 22.7 mg 0 0 0 571 64 10 99 90 15 99 99 30 99 99 45 99 99

TABLE 33 Marketed Time product Example 15 point 68 mg 68 mg 0 0 0 5 4859 10 82 82 15 97 95 30 97 98 45 97 98

TABLE 34 Marketed Time product Example 15 point 100 mg 100 mg 0 0 0 5 4545 10 70 68 15 89 81 30 98 98 45 98 99

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 16-18 are tabulated in Table 35,with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight(w/w %). In each of the Examples 16-18, the active ingredient isenrofloxacin. In Example 16, the active strength of enrofloxacin isabout 22.7 mg. In Example 17, the active strength of enrofloxacin isabout 68 mg. In Example 18, the active strength of enrofloxacin is about136 mg.

TABLE 35 Example Example Example Ingredient 16 17 18 Granulation AidIngredients Mineral Oil 7 7 7 Glycerin 16 14 16 Polyethylene Glycol(PEG-600) 4 6 4 Povidone (K-30) 0.25 0.25 0.25 Brown Iron Oxide 0.010.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Enrofloxacin 4.53 4.53 4.53Carnauba wax 4 6 4 Lactose 15.21 13.71 15.21 Silicified MicrocrystallineCellulose 8.5 8 8.5 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 2 2 2 Beef Flavor 15 15 15Croscarmellose Sodium 4.5 4.5 4.5 Extra-granular IngredientsPregelatinized Starch 3 3 3 Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose 6.36.3 6.3 Beef Flavor 3 3 3 Croscarmellose Sodium 4.5 4.5 4.5 Flow AidIngredients Sodium Stearyl Fumarate 2 2 2 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 0.2 0.20.2 Total 100 100 100

Procedure—Examples 16-18

-   -   Step 1: All intra-granular materials (enrofloxacin, carnauba        wax, lactose monohydrate, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,        calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose        sodium) were passed through #40 mesh screen and mixed further.    -   Step 2: All extra-granular materials (pregelatinized starch,        silicified microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium and        beef flavor) were passed through #40 mesh screen and        approximately divided into two equal parts.    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium lauryl sulphate were        passed through #40 mesh screen and mixed further.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added to glycerin and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Brown iron oxide was further added to dispersion from        Step 4 under continuous stirring to get lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: Final contents from Step 5 were added to the contents        from Step 1 and mixed thoroughly followed by addition of mineral        oil and mixing thoroughly to form wet mass.    -   Step 7: Wet mass from Step 6 was passed through multi-mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen to form granules.    -   Step 8: Approximately half quantity of extra-granular contents        from Step 2 and granules of Step 7 were passed though        simultaneously #8 mesh screen.    -   Step 9: Remaining half quantity of extra-granular contents from        Step 2 and granules from of Step 8 were mixed together for        one (1) minute.    -   Step 10: Materials from Step 3 were added to granule from Step 9        and mixed together for one (1) minute.    -   Step 11: Compression was done using tooling on a rotary tablet        press. With respect to Example 16, a 10.5 mm×10.5 mm rounded        square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having a 500 mg        fill weight. With respect to Example 17, a 15.3 mm×15.3 mm        rounded square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having        a 1500 mg fill weight. With respect to Example 18, an 18.0        mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape punch was used to compress a        tablet having a 3000 mg fill weight.

Table 36: Tablet Characterization—Examples 16-18

TABLE 36 Parameters Example 16 Example 17 Example 18 Weight (mg) 5001500 3000 Shape Rounded Rounded Rounded Square Square Square Color Lightbrown Light brown Light brown to brown to brown to brown Width × Length10.5 × 10.5 14.5 × 14.5 18.0 × 18.0 Top (mm) Width × Length 10.5 × 10.515.3 × 15.3 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 4.5 6.6 8.9Disintegration 5 min 15 min 10 min Time (min) Hardness (N) 0 0 0Friability (%) 0 0 0

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExamples 16-18 are tabulated in Table 37. The texture analysis wasperformed using a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using aTA18 Probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and fivegram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using twomillimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate oftwenty (20) points/second.

TABLE 37 Example Example Example Parameters 16 17 18 Hardness Cycle 1(g) 2966 1068 1496 Hardness Cycle 2 (g) 1060 186 146 Deformation at 3.971.2 1.79 hardness (mm) Stringiness Length 66.02 70.16 48.86 (mm)Adhesiveness (mJ) 1.1 0.5 −0.1 Cohesiveness 0.01 −0.1 0.06 Gumminess (g)16 −8 91 Chewiness (mJ) 0.1 −0.1 53.3 Springiness 0.76 0.89 59.89

Tables 38-40 show the results accelerated stability study of the tabletsformed according to Examples 16-18, respectively. The tablets werepackaged in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) container and stored at atemperature of 40° C.±2° C. and a relative humidity (RH) of 75%±5%.

TABLE 38 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying7.6 10.82 10.2 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 101.6 101.8 98.4 Dissolution(%) 105.2 103.4 106 Related 0.147 0.077 0.13 Substances (%) 0.22 0.2860.26

TABLE 39 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying8.1 9.42 9 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 98.9 100 98.5 Dissolution (%)103.4 99.5 102 Related 0.15 0.073 0.18 Substances (%) 0.22 0.272 0.31

TABLE 40 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying7.6 12.01 11.03 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 100.1 100 99 Dissolution (%)100.8 98 100 Related 0.135 0.074 0.2 Substances (%) 0.207 0.272 0.33

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 19-23 are tabulated in Table 41,with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight(w/w %). In each of the Examples 19-23, the active ingredient isderacoxib. In Example 19, the active strength of deracoxib is about 12mg. In Example 20, the active strength of deracoxib is about 25 mg. InExample 21, the active strength of deracoxib is about 50 mg. In Example22, the active strength of deracoxib is about 75 mg. In Example 23, theactive strength of deracoxib is about 100 mg.

TABLE 41 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- ple ple ple ple ple Ingredient 1920 21 22 23 Granulation Aid Ingredients Mineral Oil 8 8 8 8 8 Sorbitol15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 Polyethylene Glycol 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5(PEG-600) Povidone (K-30) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Brown Iron Oxide 0.01 0.010.01 0.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Deracoxib 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.333.33 Carnauba Wax 4 4 4 4 4 Lactose Monohydrate 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1Silicified Microcrystalline 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 Cellulose PregelatinizedStarch 1 1 1 1 1 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 2 2 2 2 2 Beef Flavor 15 1515 15 15 Croscarmellose Sodium 5 5 5 5 5 Extra-granular IngredientsLactose Monohydrate 5 2 5 7 5 Silicified Microcrystalline 5.86 5.86 5.865.86 5.86 Cellulose Beef Flavor 3 3 3 3 3 Croscarmellose Sodium 3 6 3 13 Flow Aid Ingredients Sodium Stearyl Fumarate 2 2 2 2 2 Sodium LaurylSulphate 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100

Procedure—Examples 19-23

-   -   Step 1: All intra-granular materials (deracoxib, carnauba wax,        lactose monohydrate, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,        pregelatinized starch, calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor        and croscarmellose sodium) were passed simultaneously through        #40 mesh screen and mixed further.    -   Step 2: All extra-granular materials (lactose monohydrate,        silicified microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium and        beef flavor) were passed simultaneously through #40 mesh screen        and mixed further and divided into approximately two parts (75%        and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium lauryl sulphate were        passed simultaneously through #40 mesh and mixed further.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added into sorbitol and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Brown iron oxide was added to dispersion from Step 4        under continuous stirring to get lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: All granulation aid components except mineral oil were        added to the contents from step 1 and mixed thoroughly until        uniformly mixed, followed by quick addition of mineral oil        followed by mixing thoroughly to form wet mass.    -   Step 7: Wet mass from Step 6 was passed through multi-mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen to form granules.    -   Step 8: Approximately 75% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 2 and granules of Step 7 were passed through #8 mesh        screen using vibro-sifter.    -   Step 9: Remaining quantity of extra-granular materials (25%)        from Step 2 and sifted granules of Step 8 were mixed together        for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 10: Materials from Step 3 were added to granules from Step        10 and mixed together for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 11: Final granules from Step 10 were compressed using        following punches on rotary tablet press. With respect to        Example 19, an 8.0 mm×8.0 mm rounded square shape punch was used        to compress a tablet having a 360 mg fill weight. With respect        to Example 20, a 12.3 mm×12.3 mm rounded square shape punch was        used to compress a tablet having a 750 mg fill weight. With        respect to Example 21, a 15.3 mm×15.3 mm rounded square shape        punch was used to compress a tablet having a 1500 mg fill        weight. With respect to Example 22, a 17.0 mm×17.0 mm rounded        square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having a 2250        mg fill weight. With respect to Example 23, an 18.0 mm×18.0 mm        rounded square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having        a 3000 mg fill weight.

Table 42: Tablet Characterization—Examples 19-23

TABLE 42 Example Example Example Example Example Parameters 19 20 21 2223 Weight (mg) 360 750 1500 2250 3000 Shape Rounded Rounded RoundedRounded Rounded Square Square Square Square Square Color Light LightLight Light Light brown brown brown brown brown to brown to brown tobrown to brown to brown Width × 8.0 X 8.0 12.3 × 12.3 15.3 × 15.3 17.0 ×17.0 18.0 × 18.0 Length Top (mm) Width x 8.0 X 8.0 12.3 × 12.3 15.3 ×15.3 17.0 × 17.0 18.0 × 18.0 Length Bottom (mm) Thickness 5.3 4.9 6.27.5 8.9 (mm) Dis- 7 min 4 min 6 min 10 min 8 min integration Time (min)Hardness 0 0 0 0 0 (N) Friability 0 0 0 0 0 (%)

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExamples 19-23 are tabulated in Table 43. The texture analysis wasperformed using a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using aTA18 Probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and fivegram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using twomillimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate oftwenty (20) points/second.

TABLE 43 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- ple ple ple ple ple Parameters 1920 21 22 23 Hardness Cycle 1 (g) 1890 5904 1764 1768 2866 Hardness Cycle2 (g) 744 1886 242 162 180 Deformation at 3.99 3.94 1.59 1.68 1.78hardness (mm) Stringiness Length (mm) 62.17 0 7.88 0 0 Adhesiveness (mJ)0 1.5 0.1 0.6 −0.1 Cohesiveness 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 Gumminess (g)83 62 45 24 81 Chewiness (mJ) 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 42.2 Springiness 0.99 0.681.28 3.09 52.88

The results of a comparative dissolution study involving the tabletsformed according to Examples 19-23 are tabulated in Tables 44-48,respectfully. The dissolution profiles of Examples 19-23 were comparedto a marketed products having similar active strengths. A paddleapparatus rotating at 75 rpm. Nine-hundred milliliters (900 ml) of pH12.4 phosphate buffer with 1% SLS was used as the dissolution medium.

TABLE 44 Marketed Product Time point 12 mg Example 19 0 0 0 5 57 76 1088 100 15 96 103 30 97 104 45 96 104

TABLE 45 Marketed Product Time point 25 mg Example 20 0 0 0 5 46 46 1077 74 15 92 90 30 97 98 45 97 99

TABLE 46 Time Example point 21 0 0 5 46 10 69 15 87 30 98 45 98

TABLE 47 Marketed Product Time point 75 mg Example 22 0 0 0 5 34 37 1053 61 15 66 77 30 75 98 45 87 100

TABLE 48 Marketed Product Time point 100 mg Example 23 0 0 0 5 37 26 1056 50 15 71 68 30 82 92 45 95 96

Tables 49-53 show the results accelerated stability study of the tabletsformed according to Examples 19-23, respectively. The tablets werepackaged in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) container and stored at atemperature of 40° C.±2° C. and a relative humidity (RH) of 75%±5%.

TABLE 49 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying12.97 9.24 8.95 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 102.8 100.9 99.6 Dissolution(%) 104 100 102 Related ND ND ND Substances (%) ND ND ND

TABLE 50 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying9.52 8.2 8.5 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 103.4 100.9 98.7 Dissolution (%)99 100 104 Related ND ND ND Substances (%) ND ND ND

TABLE 51 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying12.97 10.14 7.26 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 99.2 100.5 96.7 Dissolution(%) 97 96 92 Related ND ND ND Substances (%) ND ND ND

TABLE 52 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying8.24 10.11 6.89 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 98.4 101.5 99.9 Dissolution(%) 100 93 99 Related ND ND ND Substances (%) ND ND ND

TABLE 53 Stability Parameters Initial 1-Month 3-Months Loss On Drying12.97 10.02 8.23 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 103.3 100.6 100.9Dissolution (%) 97 89 92 Related ND ND ND Substances (%) ND ND ND

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 24 and 25 are tabulated in Table54, with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent byweight (% w/w). In each of the Examples 24 and 25, the active ingredientis marbofloxacin. In Example 24 formulations, the active strength ofmarbofloxacin is about 25 mg or about 50 mg or about 100 mg. In Example25 formulations, the active strength of marbofloxacin is about 200 mg.

TABLE 54 Example Example Ingredients 24 25 Granulation Aid Mineral Oil 77 Glycerin 16 17 Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4.5 4 600) Povidone (K-30) 1.51 Brown Iron Oxide 0.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Marbofloxacin6.67 6.67 Carnauba wax 3 4 Silicified Microcrystalline 22.72 22.72Cellulose Pregelatinized starch 1500 3 3 Polyethylene glycol (PEG 5 2.54000) Calcium Sulphate dihydrate 2 2 Beef Flavor 15 15 Extra-granularIngredients Pregelatinized starch 1500 2 3.5 Silicified Microcrystalline7 7 Cellulose Beef Flavor 3 3 Lubrication Aid Magnesium Stearate 1.5 1.5Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 0.1 0.1 Total 100 100

Procedure—Examples 24 and 25

-   -   Step 1: Intra-granular materials (marbofloxacin, carnauba wax,        silicified mcc, pregelatinized starch, polyethylene glycol,        calcium sulphate dehydrate and beef flavor) were passed        simultaneously through #40 mesh screen and mixed together.    -   Step 2: Intra-granular materials (pregelatinized starch,        silicified mcc and beef flavor) were passed simultaneously        through #40 mesh screen, mixed together and divided into        approximately two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium lauryl sulphate were        passed through #40 mesh and mixed together.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added into glycerin and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Brown iron oxide was added to dispersion from Step 4        under continuous stirring to get lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: All granulation aid components except mineral oil were        added to contents from Step 1 and mixed thoroughly, followed by        addition of mineral oil and mixing to form and granulated wet        mass.    -   Step 7: Wet mass from Step 6 was further passed through        multi-mill using 6 mm screen.    -   Step 8: Approximately 75% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 2 and milled granules from Step 7 were passed        simultaneously through #8 mesh.    -   Step 9: Remaining quantity (25%) of extra-granular materials and        granules from Step 8 were mixed together for 2 minute.    -   Step 10: Materials from Step 3 were added to granules from Step        9 and mixed together for 2 minute.    -   Step 11: Final granules were compressed on rotary tablet press        using tooling. With respect to Example 24 having a 25 mg active        strength, an 8.0 mm×8.0 mm rounded square shape punch was used        to compress a tablet having a 375 mg fill weight. With respect        to Example 24 having a 50 mg active strength, a 10.5 mm×10.5 mm        rounded square shape punch was used to compress a tablet having        a 750 mg fill weight. With respect to Example 24 having a 100 mg        active strength, a 15.3 mm×15.3 mm rounded square shape punch        was used to compress a tablet having a 1500 mg fill weight. With        respect to Example 25 having a 200 mg active strength, an 18.0        mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape punch was used to compress a        tablet having a 3000 mg fill weight.

Table 55: Tablet Characterization—Examples 27 and 28

TABLE 55 Example Example Example Example Parameters 24 24 24 25 ActiveStrength 25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 200 mg Weight (mg) 375 750 1500 3000 ShapeRounded Rounded Rounded Deep Square Square Square Rounded Square ColorLight brown Light brown Light brown Light brown to brown to brown tobrown to brown Width × Length 8.0 × 8.0 10.5 × 10.5 15.3 × 15.3 18.0 ×18.0 Top (mm) Width × Length 8.0 × 8.0 10.5 × 10.5 15.3 × 15.3 18.0 ×18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness 5.6 6.6 6.3 9.2 (mm) Disintegration 17 21 2126 Time (min.) Hardness (N) 0 0 0 0 Friability (%) 0 0 0 0

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExamples 24 and 25 are tabulated in Table 56. The texture analysis wasperformed using a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using aTA18 Probe and twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and fivegram (5 g) trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using twomillimeter per second (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate oftwenty (20) points/second.

TABLE 56 Example Example Example Example Parameters 24 24 24 25 Strength25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 200 mg Hardness Cycle 1 (g) 916 1642 2062 2802Hardness Cycle 2 (g) 3.8 254 146 274 Deformation at 0.99 1.39 2.09 1.76hardness (mm) Stringiness Length 51.97 39.37 47.02 0 (mm) Adhesiveness(mJ) 0.1 0 0.2 1.7 Cohesiveness 0.14 0.14 0.1 0.02 Gumminess (g) 125 227212 66 Chewiness (mJ) 4 9.3 17.3 2.3 Springiness 3.24 4.19 8.32 3.47

The results of a comparative dissolution study involving the tabletsformed according to Example 24 are tabulated in Tables 57-59. Theresults of a comparative dissolution study involving the tablets formedaccording to Example 25 are tabulated in Table 60. The dissolutionprofiles of Examples 24 and 25 were compared to marketed products havingsimilar active strengths using a basket apparatus rotating at 100 rpm.One-thousand milliliters (1000 ml) of 0.1 N HCl solution was used as thedissolution medium.

TABLE 57 Marketed Time Product Example 24 point 25 mg 25 mg 0 0 0 5 4 1215 42 53 30 87 95 45 101 101 60 101 98 90 102 101 120 102 101

TABLE 58 Marketed Time Product Example 24 point 50 mg 50 mg 0 0 0 5 2 1015 33 40 30 74 73 45 98 94 60 99 97 90 100 97 120 100 98

TABLE 59 Marketed Example Time Product 24 point 100 mg 100 mg 0 0 0 5 17 15 16 34 30 48 63 45 75 84 60 93 98 90 99 99 120 99 99

TABLE 60 Marketed Example Time Product 25 point 200 mg 200 mg 0 0 0 5 110 15 17 40 30 46 72 45 68 91 60 85 99 90 99 100 120 99 100

Tables 61-63 show the results accelerated stability study of the tabletsformed according to Example 24. Table 64 shows the results acceleratedstability study of the tablets formed according to Example 25. Thetablets were packaged in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containerstored at a temperature of 40° C.±2° C. and a relative humidity (RH) of75%±5%.

TABLE 61 Example 24 (25 mg) Stability 1- 3- Parameters Initial MonthMonths Loss On Drying 4.67 5.39 9.64 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 96.397.9 0.95 Dissolution (%) 98 100 102 Related 0.69 0.93 0.81 Substances(%)

TABLE 62 Example 24 (50 mg) Stability 1- 3- Parameters Initial MonthMonths Loss On Drying 4.67 5.26 9.35 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 97.399.7 96.1 Dissolution (%) 97 99 99 Related 0.49 0.76 0.82 Substances (%)

TABLE 63 Example 24 (100 mg) Stability 1- 3- Parameters Initial MonthMonths Loss On Drying 4.56 6.01 9.51 (LOD) at 105° C. Assay (%) 101.6102.7 98.1 Dissolution (%) 98 99 98 Related 0.55 0.8 0.58 Substances (%)

TABLE 64 Example 24 (200 mg) Loss On Drying 5.45 5.61 8.09 (LOD) at 105°C. Assay (%) 102.7 99.1 101.7 Dissolution (%) 99 95 98 Related 0.47 0.370.32 Substances (%)

Ingredients corresponding to Examples 26-28 are tabulated in Table 65,with the amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight(% w/w). In each of the Examples 26-28, the active ingredient ispimobendan. In each of the Examples 26-28, the active strength ofpimobendan is about 10 mg.

TABLE 65 Example Example Example Ingredients 26 27 28 Granulation AidIngredients Soybean Oil 8 8 — Mineral Oil — — 4.71 BHA (ButylatedHydroxyanisole ) 0.02 0.02 — BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene ) 0.08 0.08 —Polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) — — 2.83 Polysorbate 80 — — 2.83 TartaricAcid — — 4.72 Glycerin — — 17.32 Pimobendan 0.33 0.33 0.33 Cremophor 5 3— Cirtic Acid — 8 — Sorbitol 16 11 — Povidone (K-30) 0.2 0.2 0.19 BrownIron Oxide 0.01 0.01 0.01 Intra-granular Ingredients Carnauba wax 5 54.72 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 1 — — Mannitol 12.76 — — Lactose Monohydrate6 3.5 Pregelatinized Starch — — 2 Soluplus 5 5 4.72 SilicifiedMicrocrystalline Cellulose — 14.76 13.72 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 2 2 2Beef Flavor 15 15 15 Calcium Carboxymethyl 5.5 — 5 cellulose (ECG 505)Croscarmellose Sodium 6 4.5 — Extra-granular Ingredients CalciumCarboxymethyl cellulose 5.5 1.6 3 (ECG 505) Silicified MicrocrystallineCellulose 2 2.5 2 Beef Flavor 3 3 3 Croscarmellose Sodium 4.5 6 4.7Lactose Monohydrate — — 1.7 (Supertab 14 SD) Lactose Monohydrate 2 2 —(Granulac 200) Flow Aid Ingredients Magnesium Stearate 1 — — SodiumLauryl Sulphate 0.1 — — Sodium Stearyl Fumarate — 2 2 Total 100 100 100

Procedure—Example 26

-   -   Step 1: pimobendan was added in cremophor under continuous        stirring to achieve homogenous dispersion    -   Step 2: BHA and BHT were added to soybean oil, mixed thoroughly        and added to contents from Step 1.    -   Step 3: In separate vessel povidone was added to sorbitol under        continuous stirring to form clear dispersion followed by        addition of brown iron oxide under continuous stirring to form        lump free dispersion.    -   Step 4: Intra-granular materials (sodium lauryl sulphate,        carnauba wax, mannitol, soluplus, calcium carboxymethyl        cellulose, calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor and        croscarmellose sodium) were passed simumulatinsly through #40        mesh screen and again were passed through #40 mesh screen and        mixed together for ten minutes.    -   Step 5: Extra-granular materials (calcium carboxymethyl        cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, lactose        monohydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose sodium) were passed        simultaneously through #40 mesh screen and once gain were passed        through #40 mesh screen and mixed together and further divided        to two equal parts.    -   Step 6: Magnesium stearate and sodium lauryl sulphate were        passed through #40 mesh screen.    -   Step 7: Granulation aid components were added to materials from        Step 4 and mixed thoroughly followed by kneading for about        two (2) minutes.    -   Step 8: Wet mass from Step 7 was passed through cone mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen to form granules.    -   Step 9: Approximately 50% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 5 and milled granules of Step 8 were passed through #8        mesh screen.    -   Step 10: Remaining quantity of extra-granular materials (50%) of    -   Step 5 were mixed with granules from Step 9 and mixed together        for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 11: Materials from Step 6 were further added to granules        from Step 12 and mixed together for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 12: Using final granules from Step 11 compression was        performed using rotary tablet press using 18.0 mm×18.0 mm        rounded square shape punch.

Procedure—Example 27

-   -   Step 1: Pimobendan was added in cremophor under continuous        stirring to achieve homogenous dispersion    -   Step 2: BHA and BHT were added to soybean oil, mixed thoroughly        and added to contents from Step 1.    -   Step 3: In separate vessel citric acid was added to sorbitol        under continuous stirring to form clear dispersion.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added to dispersion from Step 3 under        continuous stirring to form clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Brown iron oxide was added to dispersion from Step 4        under continuous stirring to form uniform dispersion.    -   Step 6: Intra-granular materials (carnauba wax, lactose        monohydrate, soluplus, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,        calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose        sodium) were passed simultaneously through #40 mesh screen        followed by passing again through #40 mesh and mixing together        for ten minutes.    -   Step 7: Extra-granular material (calcium carboxymethyl        cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, lactose        monohydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose sodium) were passed        through #40 mesh screen and followed by passing again through        #40 mesh and mixing together and were divided further to two        equal parts.    -   Step 8: Sodium stearyl fumarate was passed through #40 mesh        screen.    -   Step 9: Granulation aid components were added to the materials        from Step 6 and mixed thoroughly followed by kneading for about        two (2) minutes to form wet mass.    -   Step 10: Wet mass from Step 9 was passed through cone mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen to form granules.    -   Step 11: Approximately 50% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 7 and milled granules of Step 10 were passed        simultaneously through #8 mesh screen.    -   Step 12: Remaining quantity of extra-granular materials (50%)        from Step 7 were mixed with granules from Step 11 and mixed        together for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 13: Material from Step 8 was added to granules from Step 12        and mixed together for two (2) minutes.    -   Step 14: Granules from Step 13 were used for compression using        rotary tablet press using 18.0 mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape        punch.

Procedure—Example 28

-   -   Step 1: Intra-granular materials (carnauba wax, lactose        monohydrate, soluplus, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,        calcium sulphate dihydrate, beef flavor, calcium carboxymethyl        cellulose and croscarmellose sodium) were passed simultaneously        through #40 mesh screens and passed again through #40 mesh        screen followed by mixing together for ten minutes.    -   Step 2: Extra-granular materials (calcium carboxymethyl        cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, lactose        monohydrate, beef flavor and croscarmellose sodium) were passed        through #40 mesh screen simultaneously and passed again through        #40 mesh screen followed by mixing together and further        approximately dividing to two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Sodium stearyl fumarate was sifted through #40 mesh        screen.    -   Step 4: Glycerin and polyethylene glycol kept in a vessel under        stirring.    -   Step 5: Tartaric acid was added to materials from Step 4 under        continuous stirring to get a lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: Povidone was added into dispersion from Step 5 under        continuous stirring to obtain a clear, lump free dispersion.    -   Step 7: Brown iron oxide was added into contents from Step 6        under continuous stirring to obtain a lump free dispersion.    -   Step 8: Pimobendan was added in polysorbate 80 under continuous        stirring.    -   Step 9: Mineral Oil was added to material from Step 8 under        continuous stirring to form a dispersion.    -   Step 10: Granulation aid components were added to the materials        from Step 1 and mixed thoroughly followed by kneading for        two (2) minutes to form wet mass.    -   Step 11: Wet mass from Step 10 and 75% extra-granular materials        from Step 2 were passed simultaneously through cone-mill using        six millimeter (6 mm) screen at slow speed and knife forward to        form granules.    -   Step 12: Granules from Step 11 and remaining 25% extra-granular        materials from Step 2 were passed through #8 mesh granules.    -   Step 13: Granules from Step 12 were mixed together with        materials from Step 3 for about five (5) minutes.    -   Step 14: Final granules were compressed using rotary tablet        press using 18.0 mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape punch.

Table 66: Tablet Characterization—Examples 26-28

TABLE 66 Example Example Example Parameters 26 27 28 Weight (mg) 30003000 3000 Shape Rounded Rounded Rounded Square Square Square Color LightLight Light brown to brown to brown to brown brown brown Width × Length18.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Top (mm) Width × Length 18.0 × 18.018.0 × 18.0 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 9.1 9.4 8.8Disintegration 6 min 7 min 8 min Time (min.) Hardness (N) 30 25 0Friability (%) 0 0 0

The results of a texture analysis of the tablets formed according toExample 28 are tabulated in Table 67. The texture analysis was performedusing a CT3 Texture Analyzer (Brookfield Engineering) using a TA18 Probeand twenty-five-thousand gram (25,000 g) load cell and five gram (5 g)trigger load, over four millimeters (4 mm) using two millimeter persecond (2 mm/s) test speed and using a data rate of twenty (20)points/second.

TABLE 67 Example Parameters 28 Hardness Cycle 1 888 (g) Hardness Cycle 2132 (g) Deformation at 1.58 hardness (mm) Stringiness Length 0.1 (mm)Adhesiveness (mJ) 0.1 Cohesiveness 0.04 Gumminess (g) 33 Chewiness (mJ)1.5 Springiness 4.59

The results of a comparative dissolution study involving the tabletsformed according to Examples 26-28 are tabulated in Tables 68-70,respectively. The dissolution profiles of Examples 26-28 were comparedto a marketed products having similar active strengths. A paddleapparatus rotating at 50 rpm. Nine-hundred milliliters (900 ml) of 0.1 NHCl solution was used as the dissolution medium.

TABLE 68 Time Marketed Example point Product 26 0 0 0 5 26 15 10 48 2915 67 36 30 92 55 45 97 65 60 98 67 90 97 71

TABLE 69 Time Marketed Example point Product 27 0 0 0 5 26 25 10 48 4415 67 59 30 92 80 45 97 91 60 98 94 90 97 96

TABLE 70 Time Marketed Example point Product 28 0 0 0 5 26 31 10 48 5115 67 64 30 92 83 45 97 92 60 98 96 90 97 97

Ingredients corresponding to Example 29 are tabulated in Table 71, withthe amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight (%w/w). The active ingredient in Example 29 is ibuprofen. Ibuprofenparticles are coated with hydrophilic hydrogel coating creatingeffective taste barrier. In Example 29, the active strength of ibuprofenis about 200 mg per unit. Because ibuprofen in Example 29 is coated withhydrophilic hydrogel coating, it has an average assay of aboutninety-two (92) percent by weight (% w/w). That is, about 217.4 mg perunit of ibuprofen coated with hydrophilic hydrogel coating isincorporated to composition of Example 29.

TABLE 71 Example Ingredients 29 Granulation Aid Ingredients Soybean Oil9.42 Zea Mays Oil & BHA & BHT 0.10 Sorbitol 14.42 Polyethylene glycol(PEG 400) 5.77 Povidone K30 1.92 Liquid Strawberry Flavor 0.58Intra-granular Ingredients Carnauba Wax 4.81 Hydrophilic hydrogel coatedIbuprofen 8.36 Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose 15.38 LactoseMonohydrate 3.85 Sucralose 0.19 Pregelatinized Corn Starch 6.75Crosscarmellose Sodium 2.88 Xylitol 4.81 Extra-granular IngredientsPregelatinized Corn Starch 6.06 Sucralose 0.19 SilicifiedMicrocrystalline Cellulose 4.81 Xylitol 2.88 Lactose Monohydrate 4.81Flow Aid Ingredients Magnesium Stearate 1.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide1.00 Total 100

Procedure—Examples 29

-   -   Step 1: Intra-granular materials (hydrogel coated ibuprofen,        carnauba wax, silicified mcc, pregelatinized starch, lactose        monohydrate, sucralose, crosscarmellose sodium and xylitol) were        passed simultaneously through #30 mesh screen and mixed        together.    -   Step 2: Extra-granular materials (pregelatinized starch,        silicified mcc, xylitol and lactose monohydrate) were passed        simultaneously through #30 mesh screen, mixed together and        divided into approximately two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: magnesium stearate and colloidal silicon dioxide were        mixed together and passed together through #30 mesh screen.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added into glycerin and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Liquid Strawberry Flavor was added to dispersion from        Step 4 under continuous stirring to get lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: Zea mays oil and BHA and BHT was added to soybean oil        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 7: All granulation aid components except mixture of soybean        oil and zea mays oil and BHA and BHT and were added to contents        from Step 1 and mixed thoroughly, followed by addition of        mixture of soybean oil and zea mays oil and BHA and BHT and        mixing to form and granulated wet mass.    -   Step 8: Wet mass from Step 7 was further passed through        multi-mill using 6 mm screen.    -   Step 9: Approximately 75% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 2 and milled granules from Step 8 were passed        simultaneously through #8 mesh.    -   Step 10: Remaining quantity (25%) of extra-granular materials        and granules from Step 9 were mixed together for 2 minute.    -   Step 11: Materials from Step 3 were added to granules from Step        10 and mixed together for 2 minute.    -   Step 12: Final granules were compressed on rotary tablet press        using tooling using an 18.0 mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape        punch was used to compress a tablet having a 2600 mg fill        weight.

Table 72: Tablet Characterization—Example 29

TABLE 72 Example Parameters 29 Active Strength 200 mg Weight (mg) 2600Shape Rounded Square Color white to off white Width × Length 18.0 × 18.0Top (mm) Width × Length 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness (mm) 7.0Disintegration 07 Time (min.) Hardness (N) 0 Friability (%) 0.2

Ingredients corresponding to Example 30 are tabulated in Table 73, withthe amount of each ingredient given in respective percent by weight (%w/w). The active ingredient in Example 30 is acetaminophen.Acetaminophen particles are coated with hydrophilic hydrogel coatingcreating effective taste barrier. In Example 30 formulation, the activestrength of acetaminophen is about 160 mg per unit. Becauseacetaminophen in Example 30 is coated with hydrophilic hydrogel coating,it has an average assay of about ninety-two (92) percent by weight (%w/w). That is, about 174 mg per unit of ibuprofen coated withhydrophilic hydrogel coating is incorporated to composition of Example30.

TABLE 73 Example Ingredients 30 Granulation Aid Ingredients Mineral Oil9.60 Sorbitol 15.00 Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) 6.00 Povidone K30 2.00Liquid Strawberry Flavor 0.60 Intra-granular Ingredients Carnauba Wax5.00 Hydrophilic Hydrogel Coated Acetaminophen 6.96 SilicifiedMicrocrystalline Cellulose 16.00 Lactose Monohydrate 4.00 Sucralose 0.20Pregelatinized Corn Starch 5.04 Crosscarmellose Sodium 3.04 Xylitol 5.00Extra-granular Ingredients Pregelatinized Corn Starch 6.32 Sucralose0.20 Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose 5.04 Xylitol 3.00 LactoseMonohydrate 5.00 Flow Aid Ingredients Magnesium Stearate 1.00 ColloidalSilicon Dioxide 1.00 Total 100

Procedure—Examples 30

-   -   Step 1: Intra-granular materials (hydrogel coated ibuprofen,        carnauba wax, silicified mcc, pregelatinized starch, lactose        monohydrate, sucralose, crosscarmellose sodium and xylitol) were        passed simultaneously through #30 mesh screen and mixed        together.    -   Step 2: Extra-granular materials (pregelatinized starch,        silicified mcc, xylitol and lactose monohydrate) were passed        simultaneously through #30 mesh screen, mixed together and        divided into approximately two parts (75% and 25%).    -   Step 3: Magnesium stearate and colloidal silicon dioxide were        mixed together and passed together through #30 mesh screen.    -   Step 4: Povidone was added into glycerin and polyethylene glycol        under continuous stirring to get clear dispersion.    -   Step 5: Liquid strawberry flavor was added to dispersion from        Step 4 under continuous stirring to get lump free dispersion.    -   Step 6: All granulation aid components except mineral oil were        added to contents from Step 1 and mixed thoroughly, followed by        addition of mineral oil and mixing to form and granulated wet        mass.    -   Step 7: Wet mass from Step 6 was further passed through        multi-mill using 6 mm screen.    -   Step 8: Approximately 75% quantity of extra-granular materials        from Step 2 and milled granules from Step 7 were passed        simultaneously through #8 mesh.    -   Step 9: Remaining quantity (25%) of extra-granular materials and        granules from Step 8 were mixed together for 2 minutes.    -   Step 10: Materials from Step 3 were added to granules from Step        9 and mixed together for 2 minutes.    -   Step 11: Final granules were compressed on rotary tablet press        using tooling using an 18.0 mm×18.0 mm rounded square shape        punch was used to compress a tablet having a 2500 mg fill        weight.

Table 74: Tablet Characterization—Example 30

TABLE 74 Example Parameters 30 Active Strength 200 mg Weight (mg) 2500Shape Rounded Square Color white to off white Width × Length 18.0 × 18.0Top (mm) Width × Length 18.0 × 18.0 Bottom (mm) Thickness 6.7 (mm)Disintegration 08 Time (min.) Hardness (N) 0 Friability (%) 0.2

The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used asillustration only and should not be utilized in a limiting sense ininterpreting the scope of the present invention. Obvious modificationsto the exemplary embodiments, as hereinabove set forth, could be readilymade by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit ofthe present invention.

The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine ofEquivalents to determine and access the reasonably fair scope of thepresent invention as pertains to any apparatus not materially departingfrom but outside the literal scope of the invention set forth in thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An edible, semi-plastic tablet formed using atablet press, said tablet comprising: at least one active ingredient;said tablet having a hardness of less than about two kiloponds (2 kp)when measured on a tablet hardness tester; said tablet having afriability of less than about one percent (1%) at about one-hundred(100) rotations.
 2. The tablet as claimed in claim 1, said tablet havinga hardness of less than about one kilopond (1 kp) when measured on atablet hardness tester.
 3. The tablet as claimed in claim 3, said tablethaving a hardness of about zero kilopond (0 kp) when measured on atablet hardness tester.
 4. The tablet as claimed in claim 1, said tablethaving a friability of less than about one percent (1%) at abouttwo-hundred (200) rotations.
 5. The tablet as claimed in claim 4, saidtablet having a friability of less than about one percent (1%) at aboutthree-hundred (300) rotations.
 6. The tablet as claimed in claim 1, saidactive ingredient being a pharmaceutical ingredient; said pharmaceuticalingredient being selected from the group consisting of analgesic agents,anesthetic agents, anthelmintic agents, antibiotics, anti-depressants,antiemetic agents, antifungal agents, antihistamines, antiprotozoalagents, antithyroid agents, appetite stimulants, agents used to treatattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, cardiovascular agents,corticosteroids, parasiticidal agents, steroids, and combinationsthereof.
 7. The tablet as claimed in claim 6, said active ingredientbeing selected from the group consisting of acetaminophen, carprofen,cefpodoxime proxetil, deracoxib, enrofloxacin, ibuprofen, marbofloxacin,pimobendan, and combinations thereof.
 8. The tablet as claimed in claim1, said tablet further comprising: at least one granulation aidingredient, at least one intra-granular ingredient, and at least oneextra-granular ingredient.
 9. The tablet as claimed in claim 8, saidgranulation aid ingredient being selected from the group consisting ofantioxidants, binding agents, coloring agents, humectants, palatabilityenhancers, plasticizers, preservatives, texturing agents, andcombinations thereof.
 10. The tablet as claimed in claim 9, saidgranulation aid ingredient being selected from the group consisting ofbrown iron oxide, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene,citric acid, cremophor, glycerin, liquid strawberry flavor, mineral oil,polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, povidone, sorbitol, soybean oil,tartaric acid, zea mays oil, and combinations thereof.
 12. The tablet asclaimed in claim 8, said intra-granular ingredient being selected fromthe group consisting of binding agents, diluents, disintegrants, flavoragents, oil absorbing agents, palatability enhancers, plasticizers,surfactants, texturing agents, and combinations thereof.
 13. The tabletas claimed in claim 12, said intra-granular ingredient being selectedfrom the group consisting of beef flavor, calciumcarboxymethylcellulose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, carnauba wax,croscarmellose sodium, lactose, lactose monohydrate, mannitol,microcrystalline cellulose, polycarbophil, polyethylene glycol,pregelatinized corn starch, silicified microcrystalline cellulose,sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, soluplus,sucralose, xylitol, and combinations thereof.
 14. The tablet as claimedin claim 8, said extra-granular ingredient being selected from the groupconsisting of binding agents, diluents, disintegrants, flavor agents,oil absorbing agents, palatability enhancers, plasticizers, surfactants,texturing agents, and combinations thereof.
 15. The tablet as claimed inclaim 14, said extra-granular ingredient being selected from the groupconsisting of beef flavor, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, calciumsulfate dihydrate, croscarmellose sodium, lactose, lactose monohydrate,maltodextrin, poly(ethylene) oxide, polyethylene glycol, pregelatinizedcorn starch, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, sucralose, xylitol, andcombinations thereof.
 16. The tablet as claimed in claim 8, saidgranulation aid ingredient being present at a concentration of more thanabout ten percent (10%) by weight based on the total weight of thetablet.
 17. The tablet as claimed in claim 16, said granulation aidingredient being present at a concentration from more than about tenpercent (10%) to about fifty percent (50%) by weight based on the totalweight of the tablet.
 18. The tablet as claimed in claim 8, saidintra-granular ingredient being present at a concentration of more thanabout fifteen percent (15%) by weight based on the total weight of thetablet.
 19. The tablet as claimed in claim 18, said intra-granularingredient being present at a concentration from more than about fifteenpercent (15%) to about seventy-five percent (75%) by weight based on thetotal weight of the tablet.
 20. The tablet as claimed in claim 8, saidextra-granular ingredient being present at a concentration of more thanabout five percent (5%) by weight based on the total weight of thetablet.
 21. The tablet as claimed in claim 20, said extra-granularingredient being present at a concentration from more than about fivepercent (5%) to about fifty percent (50%) by weight based on the totalweight of the tablet.
 22. The tablet as claimed in claim 1, said tabletfurther comprising: at least one flow aid ingredient; said at least oneflow aid ingredient being selected from the group consisting ofcolloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodiumlauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl fumarate, talc, and combinations thereof.23. The tablet as claimed in claim 1, said active ingredient beingpresent at a concentration of more than about one one-hundredth percent(0.01%) by weight based on the total weight of the tablet.
 24. Thetablet as claimed in claim 23, said active ingredient being present at aconcentration from more than about one one-hundredth percent (0.01%) toabout fifty percent (50%) by weight based on the total weight of thetablet.
 25. An edible, semi-plastic tablet formed using a tablet press,said tablet comprising: at least one active ingredient; said tablethaving a weight of more than about three-hundred milligrams (300 mg);said tablet having a hardness of less than about one kilopond (1 kp)when measured on a tablet hardness tester; said tablet having afriability of less than about one percent (1%) at about one-hundred(100) rotations.
 26. A process for manufacture of an edible,semi-plastic tablet unit dosage form for the oral administration of anactive ingredient comprising the steps of: (a) combining said activeingredient with at least one ingredient to form a soft-chew mass; and(b) compressing said soft-chew mass using a tablet press to form atablet, wherein said tablet has a hardness of less than about twokiloponds (2 kp) when measured on a tablet hardness tester, and afriability of less than about one percent (1%) at about one-hundred(100) rotations.